Table 1.
Demographic of study cohort by pay-for-performance (P4P) and exact matching and propensity
| Before “exact and PS matching” | After “exact and PS matching” | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | P4P (%) | Non-P4P (%) | P | P4P (%) | Non-P4P (%) | P |
| Gender | < 0.0001 | 1.0 | ||||
| Total | 18,447 | 140,938 | 15,650 | 62,600 | ||
| Female | 9280 (50.31%) | 65,827 (46.71%) | 7442 (47.55%) | 29,768 (47.55%) | ||
| Male | 9167 (49.69%) | 75,111 (53.29%) | 8208 (52.45%) | 32,832 (52.45%) | ||
| Age group, (y) | < 0.0001 | 0.99 | ||||
| 18–55 | 3651 (19.79%) | 25,455 (18.06%) | 2422 (15.48%) | 9666 (15.44%) | ||
| 56–69 | 7618 (41.3%) | 49,309 (34.99%) | 6535 (41.76%) | 26,155 (41.78%) | ||
| ≥70 | 7178 (38.91%) | 66,174 (46.95%) | 6693 (42.77%) | 26,779 (42.78%) | ||
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 65.11 ± 11.88 | 67.35 ± 12.46 | < 0.0001 | 66.71 ± 10.41 | 66.71 ± 10.41 | 0.99 |
| Duration of diabetes (y) | 8.55 ± 3.61 | 7.48 ± 4.23 | < 0.0001 | 8.69 ± 8.63 | 8.69 ± 8.66 | 0.88 |
| CCI | < 0.0001 | 0.39 | ||||
| 0 | 9212 (49.94%) | 61,011 (43.29%) | 8178 (52.26%) | 32,775 (52.36%) | ||
| 1 | 2903 (15.74%) | 21,554 (15.29%) | 2473 (15.8%) | 9987 (15.95%) | ||
| 2 | 2429 (13.17%) | 18,201 (12.91%) | 1985 (12.68%) | 7568 (12.09%) | ||
| 3 | 1526 (8.27%) | 13,073 (9.28%) | 1194 (7.63%) | 4772 (7.62%) | ||
| 4 | 899 (4.87%) | 9176 (6.51%) | 699 (4.47%) | 2915 (4.66%) | ||
| ≥5 | 1478 (8.01%) | 17,923 (12.72%) | 1121 (7.16%) | 4583 (7.32%) | ||
| CCI, mean ± SD | 1.42 ± 2.11 | 1.84 ± 2.44 | < 0.0001 | 1.31 ± 2.02 | 1.32 ± 2.02 | 0.75 |
| DCSI | < 0.0001 | 0.40 | ||||
| 0 | 13,296 (72.08%) | 86,765 (61.56%) | 11,261 (71.96%) | 44,910 (71.74%) | ||
| 1–2 | 3506 (19.01%) | 29,820 (21.16%) | 3032 (19.37%) | 12,046 (19.24%) | ||
| ≥3 | 1645 (8.92%) | 24,353 (17.28%) | 1357 (8.67%) | 5644 (9.02%) | ||
| DCSI, mean ± SD | 0.69 ± 1.55 | 1.23 ± 2.29 | < 0.0001 | 0.64 ± 1.37 | 0.66 ± 1.38 | 0.25 |
| CDD | 3352 (18.17%) | 25,832 (18.33%) | 0.603 | 2220 (14.19%) | 8932 (14.27%) | 0.79 |
| Residence | < 0.0001 | 0.60 | ||||
| Rural | 5430 (29.44%) | 39,085 (27.73%) | 4428 (28.29%) | 17,581 (28.08%) | ||
| Urban | 13,017 (70.56%) | 10,1853 (72.27%) | 11,222 (71.71%) | 45,019 (71.92%) | ||
| Monthly salary/wage† | < 0.0001 | 0.02 | ||||
| FP and dependent | 7754 (42.03%) | 59,943 (42.53%) | 6884 (43.99%) | 28,289 (45.19%) | ||
| Less than NTD† 20,000 | 3606 (19.55%) | 33,919 (24.07%) | 3215 (20.54%) | 12,568 (20.08%) | ||
| NTD 20,000 or more | 7087 (38.42%) | 47,076 (33.4%) | 5551 (35.47%) | 21,743 (34.73%) | ||
| Health care facility level | < 0.0001 | 0.49 | ||||
| Medical center | 4775 (25.88%) | 41,426 (29.39%) | 4316 (27.58%) | 17,349 (27.71%) | ||
| Regional hospital | 5676 (30.77%) | 37,107 (26.33%) | 4108 (26.25%) | 16,501 (26.36%) | ||
| District hospital | 3647 (19.77%) | 27,554 (19.55%) | 3242 (20.72%) | 12,626 (20.17%) | ||
| Community clinic | 4349 (23.58%) | 34,851 (24.73%) | 3984 (25.46%) | 16,124 (25.76%) | ||
P = p-value
P4P pay-for-performance, SD Standard deviation, CCI Charlson comorbidity index, DSCI diabetes severity comorbidity index, CDD catastrophic disabling disease, FP fixed premium
† 1USD = 31.3 New Taiwan Dollars (NTD) in 2010