Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Normal controls (n = 80) | NIDCM (T2DM −) (n = 342) | NIDCM (T2DM +) (n = 93) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 47.03 ± 12.09 | 48.89 ± 14.53 | 55.80 ± 12.07 *, § |
| Male, n (%) | 55 (69) | 233 (68) | 71 (76) |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 113.59 ± 18.26 | 113.68 ± 17.87 | 117.37 ± 20.63 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 76.38 ± 14.44 | 74.99 ± 14.84 | 76.98 ± 13.56 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 74.15 (65.20, 80.43) | 76.00 (66.55, 88.43) | 81.75 ± 15.03 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.05 ± 3.66 | 23.86 ± 4.78 | 24.67 ± 3.63 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 36 (45) | 183 (54) | 46 (49) |
| NYHA class | |||
| (I/II/III/IV) | – | 11/85/161/85 | 2/19/45/27 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | – | – | 4.00 (0.30, 10.00) |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | – | 5.47 ± 1.29 | 7.82 (6.12, 10.71) § |
| HbA1c, (%) | – | 5.60 ± 0.54 | 7.40 (6.80, 8.50) § |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.41 ± 0.42 | 1.29 (0.92, 1.81) | 1.45 (1.00, 2.04) |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.33 ± 0.61 | 4.12 (3.48, 4.86) | 4.26 ± 1.11 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.43 ± 0.32 | 1.11 (0.84, 1.41) | 1.09 ± 0.34 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.54 ± 0.62 | 2.51 (1.95, 2.98) | 2.56 ± 0.86 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 100.01 (92.00, 108.24) | 88.61 (74.72, 100.47) * | 81.85 ± 21.82 * |
| NT-proBNP value (pg/mL) | – | 1448.00 (628.75, 3402.00) | 2473.00 (960.50, 5956.50) § |
| Troponin T value (ng/L) | – | 15.65 (9.88, 29.33) | 25.00 (15.60, 44.90) § |
| Medical treatment (for DCM), n (%) | |||
| ACEI/ARB | – | 315 (92) | 87 (94) |
| β‐blocker | – | 325 (95) | 87 (94) |
| MRA | – | 257 (75) | 64 (69) |
| Diuretics | – | 212 (62) | 62 (67) |
| Digoxin | – | 79 (23) | 20 (22) |
| Diabetes treatment, n (%) | |||
| Biguanides | – | – | 32 (34) |
| Sulfonylureas | – | – | 17 (18) |
| a‐Glucosidase inhibitor | – | – | 29 (31) |
| GLP‐1/DPP‐4 inhibitor | – | – | 4 (4) |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | – | – | 10 (11) |
| Insulin | – | – | 23 (25) |
All values are presented as mean ± SD or n (%) or median (Q1-Q3)
NIDCM non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, T2DM type 2 diabetes diabetes mellitus, BMI body mass index, NYHA New York Heart Association, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, TG triglycerides, TC total cholesterol, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, eGFR estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, SGLT2 sodium-glucose co-transporter 2
*P < 0.017 vs. normal controls; §P < 0.017 vs. NIDCM (T2DM −) group