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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Epidemiol. 2022 Mar 19;70:9–15. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.03.006

Table 2.

Generalized estimating equation model for low physical function (SPPB < 7) as a function of cognitive impairment over a 20-year period (N=1,545)

Predictor variables Odds Ratio Estimate 95% CI p-value
Time (years) 1.13 (1.11, 1.15) <.0001
Cognition (MMSE < 21) 1.89 (1.59, 2.26) <.0001
Age (years) 1.07 (1.05, 1.09) <.0001
Sex (female) 1.54 (1.27, 1.87) <.0001
Marital status (married) 1.05 (0.88, 1.24) 0.58
BMI 1.02 (1.01, 1.04) 0.005
Education (years) 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) 0.012
Type 2 Diabetes 1.37 (1.14, 1.65) 0.001
Hypertension 0.95 (0.81, 1.24) 0.575
Stroke 1.02 (0.71, 1.46) 0.908
Heart Attack 1.28 (0.93, 1.76) 0.132
Cancer 1.06 (0.79, 1.43) 0.682
Hip Fracture 2.51 (1.59, 3.97) <.0001
Depressive symptoms 1.67 (1.39, 2.00) <.0001

Note. SE=standard error; BMI=body mass index (kg/m2), MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination (0–30 range); SPPB=Short Physical Performance Battery (0–12 range); Depressive symptoms measured by Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D ≥16)