TABLE 2.

Relationship between transmural healing and clinical outcomes in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD).

References	Country	Clinical outcomes (p-value for correlation with TH)	Time of follow-up	TH response rate	TH assessment method
Castiglione et al. (18), (n = 133)	Italy	CR: CDAI < 150 (poor agreement)	2 yo	25%	IUS
Ripollés et al. (22), (n = 51)	Spain	CR: HBI < 5 (p = 0.001)	12 w–1 yo	29.5%	IUS
Castiglione et al. (19), (n = 40)	Italy	CR: CDAI < 150 (poor agreement)	2 yo	25%	IUS/MRE
Orlando et al. (29), (n = 30)	Italy	Surgery (p = 0.003)	14 w – 1 yo	30%	IUS
Paredes et al. (23), (n = 36)	Spain	Steroid use; hospital admission; surgery (global p = 0.001)	12 w	42.4%	IUS
Castiglione et al. (21), (n = 218)	Italy	Corticoid free remission (p < 0.01); longer time to clinical relapse (p = 0.01); surgery (p < 0.001); hospital admission (p < 0.001); need for drug escalation (p < 0.001); switch/swap therapy (p < 0.01); Clinical outcomes in patients on biologics withdrawal (p < 0.001)	12 w	31.2%	IUS
Zorzi et al. (28), (n = 80)	Italy	Need of hospitalization (p = 0.005); need for steroids p = 0.007; surgery (p = 0.004)	12–24 mo	32%	SICUS
Ma et al. (26), (n = 77)	China	Corticoid free remission (p < 0.001); drug escalation (p = 0.003); hospital admission (p = 0.005); surgery (p = 0.03)	12–42 mo	32%	IUS
Calabrese et al. (24), (n = 188)	Italy	HBI < 5 (p = 0.002)	12 mo	31.2%	IUS
Helwig et al. (25), (n = 137)	Germany	HBI < 5 (p = 0.001)	12 w	43%	IUS

TH, transmural healing; CR, clinical remission; CDAI, Crohn’s Disease Activity Index; HBI, Harvey-Bradshaw Index; yo, years; m, months; w, weeks; IUS, intestinal ultrasound; SICUS, small intestine contrast ultrasonography; MRE, magnetic resonance enterography.