TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Variables | AKD stage 0 |
AKD stage 1 |
AKD stage 2–3 |
P-value |
| N = 571 | N = 186 | N = 233 | ||
| Age | 5.00 [0.00;12.0] | 6.00 [1.00;12.0] | 9.00 [2.00;14.0] | <0.001 |
| Age group | 0.001 | |||
| Infancy, 1 mo −1 yr | 188 (32.9%) | 49 (26.3%) | 55 (23.6%) | |
| Childhood, 2 −10 yr | 216 (37.8%) | 76 (40.9%) | 75 (32.2%) | |
| Adolescence, 11–18 yr | 167 (29.2%) | 61 (32.8%) | 103 (44.2%) | |
| Male | 323 (56.6%) | 104 (55.9%) | 148 (63.5%) | 0.155 |
| AKI type | 0.001 | |||
| Community–acquired AKI | 166 (29.1%) | 69 (37.1%) | 99 (42.5%) | |
| Hospital–acquired AKI | 405 (70.9%) | 117 (62.9%) | 134 (57.5%) | |
| AKI stage | <0.001 | |||
| Stage 1 | 395 (69.2%) | 108 (58.1%) | 19 (8.15%) | |
| Stage 2 | 126 (22.1%) | 61 (32.8%) | 69 (29.6%) | |
| Stage 3 | 50 (8.76%) | 17 (9.14%) | 145 (62.2%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Sepsis | 96 (16.8%) | 34 (18.3%) | 34 (14.6%) | 0.584 |
| Glomerulonephritis | 13 (2.28%) | 7 (3.76%) | 28 (12.0%) | <0.001 |
| Nephrotic syndrome | 48 (8.41%) | 23 (12.4%) | 59 (25.3%) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 4 (0.70%) | 2 (1.08%) | 7 (3.00%) | 0.036 |
| Urinary tract obstruction/malformation | 11 (1.93%) | 6 (3.23%) | 2 (0.86%) | 0.220 |
| Non-cardiac surgery | 38 (6.65%) | 11 (5.91%) | 5 (2.15%) | 0.037 |
| Cardiac surgery | 175 (30.6%) | 32 (17.2%) | 57 (24.5%) | 0.001 |
| Heart failure | 50 (8.76%) | 12 (6.45%) | 33 (14.2%) | 0.017 |
| Inherited metabolic disease | 9 (1.58%) | 2 (1.08%) | 4 (1.72%) | 0.938 |
| Cardiac arrest | 3 (0.53%) | 0 (0.00%) | 6 (2.58%) | 0.013 |
| Trauma/burn | 11 (1.93%) | 6 (3.23%) | 5 (2.15%) | 0.531 |
| Shock | 26 (4.55%) | 9 (4.84%) | 19 (8.15%) | 0.115 |
| Respiratory failure | 56 (9.81%) | 18 (9.68%) | 30 (12.9%) | 0.402 |
| Acute diarrhea/dehydration | 18 (3.15%) | 14 (7.53%) | 12 (5.15%) | 0.035 |
| Nephrotoxic medicine | 293 (51.3%) | 94 (50.5%) | 103 (44.2%) | 0.179 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Anemia | 148 (25.9%) | 48 (25.8%) | 62 (26.6%) | 0.976 |
| Thrombocytopenia | 119 (20.8%) | 30 (16.1%) | 57 (24.5%) | 0.113 |
| Proteinuria | 90 (18.7%) | 40 (25.5%) | 95 (48.7%) | <0.001 |
| Hypoalbuminemia | 133 (23.3%) | 48 (25.9%) | 114 (48.9%) | <0.001 |
| Hyperbilirubinemia | 74 (13.0%) | 14 (7.61%) | 30 (12.9%) | 0.130 |
| Hyperkalemia | 22 (3.97%) | 8 (4.42%) | 16 (6.96%) | 0.197 |
| Use of diuretics | 320 (56.0%) | 64 (34.4%) | 159 (68.2%) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 143 (25.0%) | 31 (16.7%) | 65 (27.9%) | 0.021 |
AKD, acute kidney disease; AKI, acute kidney injury.