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. 2022 May 23;10:885055. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.885055

TABLE 1.

Baseline characteristics of the study population.

Variables AKD stage 0
AKD stage 1
AKD stage 2–3
P-value
N = 571 N = 186 N = 233
Age 5.00 [0.00;12.0] 6.00 [1.00;12.0] 9.00 [2.00;14.0] <0.001
Age group 0.001
Infancy, 1 mo −1 yr 188 (32.9%) 49 (26.3%) 55 (23.6%)
Childhood, 2 −10 yr 216 (37.8%) 76 (40.9%) 75 (32.2%)
Adolescence, 11–18 yr 167 (29.2%) 61 (32.8%) 103 (44.2%)
Male 323 (56.6%) 104 (55.9%) 148 (63.5%) 0.155
AKI type 0.001
Community–acquired AKI 166 (29.1%) 69 (37.1%) 99 (42.5%)
Hospital–acquired AKI 405 (70.9%) 117 (62.9%) 134 (57.5%)
AKI stage <0.001
Stage 1 395 (69.2%) 108 (58.1%) 19 (8.15%)
Stage 2 126 (22.1%) 61 (32.8%) 69 (29.6%)
Stage 3 50 (8.76%) 17 (9.14%) 145 (62.2%)
Comorbidities
Sepsis 96 (16.8%) 34 (18.3%) 34 (14.6%) 0.584
Glomerulonephritis 13 (2.28%) 7 (3.76%) 28 (12.0%) <0.001
Nephrotic syndrome 48 (8.41%) 23 (12.4%) 59 (25.3%) <0.001
Chronic kidney disease 4 (0.70%) 2 (1.08%) 7 (3.00%) 0.036
Urinary tract obstruction/malformation 11 (1.93%) 6 (3.23%) 2 (0.86%) 0.220
Non-cardiac surgery 38 (6.65%) 11 (5.91%) 5 (2.15%) 0.037
Cardiac surgery 175 (30.6%) 32 (17.2%) 57 (24.5%) 0.001
Heart failure 50 (8.76%) 12 (6.45%) 33 (14.2%) 0.017
Inherited metabolic disease 9 (1.58%) 2 (1.08%) 4 (1.72%) 0.938
Cardiac arrest 3 (0.53%) 0 (0.00%) 6 (2.58%) 0.013
Trauma/burn 11 (1.93%) 6 (3.23%) 5 (2.15%) 0.531
Shock 26 (4.55%) 9 (4.84%) 19 (8.15%) 0.115
Respiratory failure 56 (9.81%) 18 (9.68%) 30 (12.9%) 0.402
Acute diarrhea/dehydration 18 (3.15%) 14 (7.53%) 12 (5.15%) 0.035
Nephrotoxic medicine 293 (51.3%) 94 (50.5%) 103 (44.2%) 0.179
Laboratory data
Anemia 148 (25.9%) 48 (25.8%) 62 (26.6%) 0.976
Thrombocytopenia 119 (20.8%) 30 (16.1%) 57 (24.5%) 0.113
Proteinuria 90 (18.7%) 40 (25.5%) 95 (48.7%) <0.001
Hypoalbuminemia 133 (23.3%) 48 (25.9%) 114 (48.9%) <0.001
Hyperbilirubinemia 74 (13.0%) 14 (7.61%) 30 (12.9%) 0.130
Hyperkalemia 22 (3.97%) 8 (4.42%) 16 (6.96%) 0.197
Use of diuretics 320 (56.0%) 64 (34.4%) 159 (68.2%) <0.001
Mechanical ventilation 143 (25.0%) 31 (16.7%) 65 (27.9%) 0.021

AKD, acute kidney disease; AKI, acute kidney injury.