Table 3.

Antioxidant activity from different parts/extracts of S. aqueum.

Origin	Extract	Method	Findings	Ref.
Whole plant
Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia	Methanolic	β-Carotene	Fresh samples: 78.13% at 0.02 mg/L	[22]
			Dried samples: 66.67% at 0.02 mg/L
		ABTS	Fresh samples: 76% at 0.02 mg/L
			Dried samples: 68% at 0.02 mg/L
Leaves
Klang Valley, Malaysia	Ethanolic	DPPH	IC50 = 0.22 ± 0.02 mg/mL	[47]
		Prooxidant	IC50 = 0.13 ± 0.03 mg/mL
	Aqueous	DPPH	IC50 = 0.33 ± 0.07 mg/mL
		Prooxidant	IC50 = 0.26 ± 0.09 mg/mL
Klang Valley, Malaysia	Ethanolic	DPPH	IC50 = 4.65 ± 0.02 mg/mL	[50]
		Galvinoxyl	IC50 = 11.98 ± 0.01 mg/mL
		ABTS	IC50 = 34.52 ± 0 mg/mL
		Lipid peroxidation	IC50 = 2.4 ± 0.06 mg/mL
	Water	DPPH	IC50 = 3.07 ± 0.07 mg/mL
		Galvinoxyl	IC50 = 6.68 ± 0.04 mg/mL
		ABTS	IC50 = 5.22 ± 0.07 mg/mL
		Lipid peroxidation	IC50 = 1.2 ± 0.09 mg/mL
Malaysia	Ethanolic	DPPH	IC50 = 23.6 ± 13.2 mg/mL	[51]
	Aqueous	DPPH	IC50 = 3.4 mg/mL
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	Aqueous	DPPH	IC50 = 0.21 ± 0.02 mg/mL	[21]
		ABTS	IC50 = 0.08 ± 0.01 mg/mL
		Galvinoxyl	IC50 = 0.03 ± 0.002 mg/mL
		Lipid peroxidation	IC50 = 0.04 ± 0.001 mg/mL
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	Aqueous	DPPH	IC50 = 0.33 ± 0.07 mg/mL	[16]
		Galvinoxyl	IC50 = 0.15 ± 0.04 mg/mL
		ABTS	IC50 = 0.19 ± 0.07 mg/mL
	Ethanolic	DPPH	IC50 = 0.21 ± 0.02 mg/mL
		Galvinoxyl	IC50 = 0.08 ± 0.01 mg/mL
		ABTS	IC50 = 0.03 ± 0.003 mg/mL
West Sumatera, Indonesia	Methanol	DPPH	IC50 = 14.47 to 17.59 μg/mL	[34]
	Ethyl acetate		IC50 = 35.72 to 38.69 μg/mL
	Methanol	Lipid peroxidation	IC50 = 44.02–55.85 μg/mL
	Ethyl acetate		IC50 = 16.44–18.99 μg/mL
Fruits
South Andaman Island, India	Acetone	DPPH	IC50 = 245.98 μg/mL fresh mass	[18]
	Methanol		IC50 = 245.12 μg/mL fresh mass
	Aqueous		IC50 = 227.77 μg/mL fresh mass
Imported fruit bought from local markets of Malaysia	Fresh extract	DPPH	IC50 = 12.8 mg/mL	[52]
		Ferric reducing ion	The extract showed good chelation at 120 mg/mL
Raub, Pahang, Malaysia		DPPH	The antioxidant increases gradually with 69.7% of inhibition	[23]
Bark
Raub, Pahang, Malaysia	Methanol	DPPH	IC50 = 9.71 to 17.14 μg/mL	[23]
	Ethyl acetate		IC50 = 12.09–31.52 μg/mL
	Methanol	Lipid peroxidation	IC50 = 19.13–22.37 μg/mL
	Ethyl acetate		IC50 = 24.21–27.50 μg/mL