. 2022 May 29;2022:7502185. doi: 10.1155/2022/7502185

Table 4.

Biological activities of the isolated compounds from S. aqueum.

Compound name	Bioactivity	Methods	Results	Ref.
Leaves
Myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside	Antioxidant activity	DPPH	IC₅₀ = 3.21 μg/mL in comparison to ascorbic acid 2.94 μg/mL	[21]
	Antioxidant activity	FRAP	IC₅₀ = 22.9 μg/mL in comparison to quercetin 23.18 μg/mL	[21]
	Antidiabetic activity	α-Glucosidase inhibition	IC₅₀ = 1.1 μM	[9]
		α-Amylase inhibition	IC₅₀ = 1.9 μM	[9]
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde		α-Glucosidase inhibition	IC₅₀ = 9 μM	[9]
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde		α-Amylase inhibition	IC₅₀ = 20 μM	[9]
Europetin-3-O-rhamnoside		α-Glucosidase inhibition	IC₅₀ = 1.9 μM	[9]
Europetin-3-O-rhamnoside		α-Amylase inhibition	IC₅₀ = 2.3 μM	[9]
Myrigalone G		α-Glucosidase inhibition	IC₅₀ = 7 μM	[9]
Myrigalone G		α-Amylase inhibition	IC₅₀ = 33 μM	[9]
Myrigalone B		α-Glucosidase inhibition	IC₅₀ = 19 μM	[9]
Myrigalone B		α-Amylase inhibition	IC₅₀ = 8.3 μM	[9]
Phloretin		α-Glucosidase inhibition	IC₅₀ = 20 μM	[21]
Phloretin		α-Amylase inhibition	IC₅₀ = 31 μM	[21]
2′,4′-Dihydroxy-6′-methoxy-3′,5′ dimethylchalcone	Anticancer activity	MCF-7	IC₅₀ = 270 μM (24 h) and 250 μM (48 h)	[53]
	Apoptosis	Activation of PARP protein	IC₅₀ = 250 μM	[53]
	Antiproliferative effect	Jurkat cell lines	IC₅₀ = 59.5 μM after 24 h treatment	[54]
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside, europetin 3-O-rhamnoside, phloretin, myrigalone G and B	Antiproliferative effect	Complete 3T3-L1 cells	The compounds have enhanced adipogenesis, stimulated 2-NBDG uptake, and increased adiponectin secretion	[12]
2′,4′-dihydroxy-6-methoxyl 3,5-dimethylchalcone	Antiproliferative activity	MCF-7	IC₅₀ = 74.5 μg/mL, promoted apoptosis via the activation of PARP	[53, 55]
Stem bark
Butyrospermol	Cytotoxicity	HeLa	IC₅₀ = 43.59 ± 0.393 μg/mL	[37]
		T47D	IC₅₀ = 419.05 ± 0.246 μg/mL
		A459	IC₅₀ = 354.85 ± 0.017 μg/mL
Sitosterone	Cytotoxicity	HeLa	—	[37]
		T47D	—
		A459	IC₅₀ = 29.96 ± 0.0422 μg/mL