Table 1.

List of materials and quantities used.

Material	Quantity (mL)	Provider	Purity
Sulfuric acid	4	Sigma-Aldrich	10 % (V/V)
DI water	20	Loba Chemicals	99.995 %
Ethanol	50	Loba Chemicals	99.5 %
TTIP	5	Sigma-Aldrich	99.99%
Molybdenum chloride	5	Sigma-Aldrich	99.9 %
Isopropanol	25	Loba Chemicals	99.5 %

Note: When doping different transition metals onto TiO₂, it is necessary to calculate the appropriate concentration and amount of the precursor based on the targeted doping percentage. In the case of the synthesis of pure TiO₂, the amount of the doping metal solution was replaced with DI water to maintain the ratio of hydrolysis agents to the catalyst precursor.