Table 2.
Studies investigating the Lactobacillus in murine lupus.
| Study | Animal model | Lactobacillus strain | Effect on immuneresponse | Potential cytokines and signals |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daniel F. Zegarra-Ruiz, et al., 2019 (16) | TLR7-dependent Mice | Lactobacillus reuteri | Exacerbated lupus-related pathogenesis | TLR7/IFN-pathway |
| Néstor de la Visitación, et al.2021 (84) | Lupus model induced by TLR7 activation | Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 | Prevented the development of hypertension and endothelial dysfunction | Restored Th17/Treg balance in vascular tissues |
| Wei-Syun Hu, et al., 2017 (85) | NZB/W F1 mice | Lactobacillus paracasei GMNL-32 | anti-fibrosis and anti-apoptotic effects on the cardiac tissue | Increased PI3K, Bcl-xl, and Bcl2 and reduce MMP-9 and COX2 |
| Tsai-Ching Hsu, et al., 2017 (86) | NZB/W F1 mice | Lactobacillus paracasei GMNL-32, Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-89 and L.reuteri GMNL-263 | Ameliorated hepatic apoptosis and inflammatory indicators; Antioxidant activities |
Reduced IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the livers MAPK-NFkB; Decreased TLR-4, TLR-5, TLR-7, TLR-9, MyD88, PI3K and AKT |
| Fatemeh Mardani, et al., 2018 (90) Sahar Khorasani, et al.2019 (21) |
pristane‐induced mice | L. delbrueckii (DEL) subsp. lactis (PTCC: 1743) and L. rhamnosus (RAM; ATCC: 9595) | Delayed and controlled SLE |
Decreased Th1 and Th17; enhancement of Tregs |
| Toral M, et al., 2019 (87) | NZB/W F1 mice | Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 | Prevented endothelial dysfunction and vascular oxidative stress | Reduced B and T lymphocytes, IL-6, IL-1b, and TNF-a, |
| Bor-Show Tzang, et al., 2017 (88) | NZB/W F1 mice | Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-263 (GMNL-263) | Antioxidant activities |
Increased CD4+CD25+FoxP3+T cells. |
| Yeh YL, et al., 2021 (89) | NZB/W F1 Mice | L. reuteri GMNL-263 | cardiac protective effects; inhibiting cardiac apoptosis and fibrosis. |
PI3K/Akt pathway |
| A Mike, et al., 1999 (69) | MRL/lpr mice | Lactobacillus casei | Prevented the expansion of B220+ T cells | Reduced IL-6 |
| Qinghui Mu, et al., 2017 (22) |
MRL/lpr mice | a mixture of 5 Lactobacillus
strains (Lactobacillus oris, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus johnsonii, and Lactobacillus gasseri) |
Anti-inflammatory Attenuated LN |
Increased IL-10 and decreased IgG2a t Treg-Th17 balance increase of Muc2, ZO-1. |
| Da Som Kim, et al., 2021 (74) | MRL/lpr mice | Lactobacillus acidophilus | Decreased the proportion of double negative T Cells and renal inflammation | Modulated Th17/Treg balance via the SIGNR3 Pathway |
SLE, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; LN, lupus nephritis.