Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study variables between diabetic and non-diabetic cohorts.
| Variable | DM (n = 8,004) | Non-DM (n = 8,004) | p -values |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age: mean (SD) | 57.7 (14.2) | 57.7 (14.2) | 0.921 |
| Gender: n (%) | |||
| Men | 4,911 (61.1%) | 4,914 (61.1%) | |
| Women | 3,127 (38.9%) | 3,127 (38.9%) | 0.998 |
| Origin | <0.001 | ||
| Spain/high-income countries | 5,949 (74.3%) | 6,661 (83.2%) | |
| Hindustan | 1,083 (13.5%) | 508 (6.35%) | |
| Other | 972 (12.1%) | 835 (10.4%) | |
| Alcohol abuse | 401 (5.01%) | 311 (3.89%) | 0.001 |
| Smoking habit | 588 (7.35%) | 452 (5.65%) | <0.001 |
| BMI | 30.1 (5.30) | 28.9 (5.02) | <0.001 |
| SBP | 137 (17.9) | 134 (16.1) | <0.001 |
| DBP | 79.2 (11.2) | 78.1 (10.8) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol | 207 (48.0) | 212 (41.7) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol | 48.1 (13.5) | 54.4 (14.1) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol | 124 (36.3) | 133 (35.0) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides | 106 (27.2) | 99.2 (27.5) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin | 13.5 (1.25) | 13.5 (1.20) | 0.671 |
| Leukocytes | 11.5 (2.46) | 12.0 (6.52) | 0.501 |
| Platelets | 259 (71.5) | 251 (69.7) | 0.013 |
| VSG | 23.0 (19.4) | 20.5 (16.7) | 0.042 |
| Chronic renal failure | 254 (3.16%) | 89 (1.11%) | <0.001 |
| Kidney transplant | 12 (0.15%) | 5 (0.06%) | 0.145 |
| Peripheral arteriopathy | 227 (2.84%) | 94 (1.17%) | <0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 644 (8.05%) | 280 (3.50%) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 371 (4.64%) | 177 (2.21%) | <0.001 |
| Autoimmune disease* | 80 (1.00%) | 71 (0.89%) | 0.513 |
| Immunosuppressive treatment | 36 (0.45%) | 22 (0.27%) | 0.087 |
| Corticosteroids treatment | 90 (1.12%) | 49 (0.61%) | 0.001 |
| STI | 51 (0.64%) | 48 (0.60%) | 0.840 |
| AIDS | 80 (1.00%) | 158 (1.97%) | <0.001 |
| Flu vaccination | 3,039 (38%) | 2,193 (27.4%) | <0.001 |
| Number of medical visits | 86.3 +/- 80.7 | 74.5 +/-77.6 | <0.001 |
| Diabetic characteristics | |||
| Glycosylated hemoglobin: mean (SD) | 7.41% (1.85) | ||
| <7%: n (%) | 1,818 (54.7%) | ||
| >7%: n (%) | 1,505 (45.3%) | ||
| Diabetes treatment | |||
| No treatment n (%) | 4,824 (60.3%) | ||
| Only oral medication n (%) | 2,627 (32.8%) | ||
| Insulin n (%) | 553 (6.91%) | ||
| Diabetes complications | |||
| Diabetic nephropathy n (%) | 95 (1.19%) | ||
| Diabetic neuropathy n (%) | 97 (1.19%) | ||
| Diabetic retinopathy n (%) | 297 (3.71%) |
*
Data are presented as number (percentage), mean ± SD (standard deviation); n, sample number; P value ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; STI, sexual transmitted disease; VSG, erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Autoimmune disease, Behçet, lupus, polyarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, Sjögren, vasculitis.