Table 4.
Differences in diet with upper and lower thresholds of BCAAs.
| Variables | Group A BCAAs <14.01 g/day (n = 11,808) | Group B BCAAs ≥14.01 g/day (n = 3,700) | χ2/F | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%)/Mean (SD) | n (%)/Mean (SD) | |||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Female | 6,800 (57.59%) | 1,357 (36.68%) | 494.1568 | <0.0001 |
| Age | 44.43 (15.16) | 41.07 (13.48) | 12.85 | <0.0001 |
| ≥60 years | 2,161 (18.30%) | 386 (10.43%) | 127.0792 | <0.0001 |
| BMI | 22.85 (3.37) | 23.25 (3.45) | −6.03 | <0.0001 |
| Smoking history | 3,371 (28.55%) | 1,493 (40.35%) | 182.3113 | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol consumption history | 3,685 (31.21%) | 1,735 (46.89%) | 304.8290 | <0.0001 |
| Energy intake | 2,042.12 (707.20) | 2593.34 (1215.11) | −26.23 | <0.0001 |
| Food categories (g/day) | ||||
| Cereals | 451.00 (194.16) | 526.54 (262.78) | 206.97 | <0.0001 |
| Beans | 53.51 (64.61) | 84.63 (90.13) | 329.59 | <0.0001 |
| Vegetables | 393.83 (196.80) | 453.22 (253.42) | 166.45 | <0.0001 |
| Pickles | 3.39 (10.05) | 3.77 (10.34) | 7.47 | 0.0063 |
| Fruits | 59.74 (104.03) | 75.91 (125.65) | 27.23 | <0.0001 |
| Nuts | 4.24 (14.08) | 8.69 (23.29) | 149.07 | <0.0001 |
| Red meat | 74.94 (68.94) | 121.36 (106.93) | 568.14 | <0.0001 |
| Poultry | 13.75 (29.13) | 30.87 (52.40) | 445.93 | <0.0001 |
| Dairy products | 17.19 (58.41) | 37.23 (91.20) | 169.43 | <0.0001 |
| Eggs | 31.09 (34.04) | 45.86 (49.85) | 247.45 | <0.0001 |
| Fish and seafoods | 29.49 (45.91) | 66.49 (81.14) | 982.46 | <0.0001 |
| Snacks | 11.24 (37.46) | 15.43 (51.95) | 8.52 | 0.0035 |
| Sugar and starch | 2.91 (10.40) | 3.87 (13.70) | 6.75 | 0.0094 |
| Sauce | 0.52 (3.12) | 0.43 (2.65) | 2.27 | 0.1321 |
| Alcohol products | 10.93 (55.62) | 27.27 (104.20) | 58.74 | <0.0001 |
| Fast food | 10.32 (37.51) | 17.08 (62.32) | 17.47 | <0.0001 |
| Beverage | 3.26 (60.59) | 9.84 (58.11) | 21.2 | <0.0001 |
| Vegetable oil and condiments | 56.17 (32.71) | 64.25 (35.98) | 72.53 | <0.0001 |
| Others | 17.43 (38.21) | 24.21 (64.06) | 26.63 | 0.0004 |
| Total food intake | 1244.92 (524.68) | 1616.96 (755.83) | 671.59 | <0.0001 |
SD, standard deviation. Demographic characteristics were tested using Chi-square test and student's t-test. Group differences of food consumption were calculated using the generalized linear models after adjusting for age, sex, energy intake, BMI, region, physical activity levels, smoking status (previous or present, never), alcohol consumption (yes, no).