Steady-state concentration profiles of O2, NH4+, NO2−, NO3−, H2S, and pH in the aerobic wastewater biofilm incubated in DO-controlled (DO = approximately 70 μM) medium with 600 μM Na-propionate, 550 μM NH4+, 270 μM NO3−, 300 μM SO42−, and 100 μM NO2− (A) and the spatial distribution of the estimated specific consumption and production rates of O2, NO3−, and H2S (B). The points are measured mean values of measurements in triplicate. The solid lines are the best fits from the model to calculate the specific consumption and production rates of O2, NO3−, and H2S. The biofilm surface is at a depth of 0 μm. R, rate.