Table 2.

Responses of HBV Patients to Different Stigma Characteristics.

Social characteristics of HBV patients	Frequency (n = 350)
Feel ashamed about having HBV	268 (75.7%)
Feel that they bring trouble to their family members	304 (85.9%)
Put others at risk for HBV	317 (89.5)
Should avoid close contact with others such as kissing and hugging	282 (79.7%)
Should avoid using utensils for food or drinking water	223 (63%)
Should be isolated from other family members	173 (48.9%)
May be viewed by others as having a shameful sexually transmitted disease	115 (32.5%)
Are viewed as undesirable as a husband or wife	141 (39.8%)
Might be discriminated against at work (n = 103)	68 (66.7%)
Might be denied health care/hospital	231 (65.3%)

HBV, Hepatitis B Virus.