Example of hybrid photosystems.

System	Biological substance	Light absorber	Reaction	Production rates/yields/activity	Comments	Reference
Inorganic	—	Magnesium–aluminium–LDH/carbon nitride	CO2 to CH4	3.7 μmol in 24 hours	—	30
	—	NaNbO3 nanowire	CO2 to CH4	653 ppm h−1 g−1	—	31
		NaNbO3 bulk		32 ppm h−1 g−1	—
	—	Cobalt-ZIF-CdS	CO2 to CO + H2	124.4 μmol in 3 hours	TEOA = SED, bipyridine = e− transfer assistant, 82% CO selectivity	23
	—	Lanthanum/rhodium-doped strontium titanium(iii) oxide photosheet	CO2 to formate	0.08% solar to formate conversion efficiency	97% formate selectivity	142
Enzymatic	Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase I	Anatase/rutile TiO2–RuP	CO2 to CO	0.14 s−1	2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid = SED	45
	Formate dehydrogenase	tetrakis(4-methylpyridyl)porphyrin	CO2 to HCOOH	62 μM in 3 hours	TEOA = SED	42
					MV2+ = e− mediator
Microbial	E. coli	Silver indium sulfide/indium sulfide	H+ to H2	1660 μmol in 3 hours	Cysteine = SED	68
	M. thermoacetica	Gold nanocluster	CO2 to acetate	6.01 mmol g−1 over 7 days	Cysteine = SED	67
	S. ovata	Silicon nanowires	CO2 to acetate	0.3 g L−1 over 7 days	—	104
	R. palustris	Graphitic carbon nitride	Fructose to PHB	6.73 g L−1 after 96 hours	TEOA = SED	69
	R. eutropha	CdS nanorods	CO2 to PHB	28 mg over 48 hours	10% lactic acid = SED	70
		Graphitic carbon nitride catalyse	CO2 to PHB	41.02 mg L−1 after 48 hours	—	73
		Core–shell QDs	PHB	100 mg g−1 d−1	l-Ascorbic acid or HEPES = SED	71
			2,3-Butanediol	10 mg g−1 d−1
			Ethylene	1 mg g−1 d−1
			Isopropanol	2 mg g−1 d−1
	R. capsulata	Bi2O3	H+ to H2	∼0.26 mL h−1	MV2+ = e− mediator	80
					EDTA = SED
	M. barkeri	n+/p-Si/NiMo	CO2 to CH4	17.6 mL over 72 hours	H2 = e− donor	107
		CdS	CO2 to CH4	0.19 μmol h−1/13.70 μmol	Cysteine = SED	64