Table 3.
Characteristics of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit substance use in the cohort.
| Race/ethnicity |
3-group Comparison |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristica | Total sample N=1152 |
White n=789 |
Total sample N=1152 |
White n=789 |
Testb | P |
| Tobacco use | ||||||
| Smoking status, % (n) | 16.76 | 0.002 | ||||
| Current smoker | 17.6 (203) | 14.8 (117) | 25.8 (69) | 17.7 (17) | ||
| Former smoker | 46.7 (538) | 48.2 (380) | 42.7 (114) | 45.8 (44) | ||
| Never smoked | 35.7 (411) | 37.0 (292) | 31.5 (84) | 36.5 (35) | ||
| In smokers, products ever used | ||||||
| Cigarettes, % (n) yes | 97.7 (724) | 97.4 (484) | 97.8 (179) | 100.0 (61) | --- | 0.671 |
| Cigars, % (n) yes | 7.0 (52) | 7.0 (35) | 7.1 (13) | 6.6 (4) | --- | 1.000 |
| Pipes, % (n) yes | 1.9 (14) | 2.4 (12) | 0.5 (1) | 1.6 (1) | --- | 0.314 |
| Current cigarette packs/day, Median (IQR)c | 0.50 (0.30–1.00) |
0.50 (0.35–1.00) |
0.50 (0.25–0.80) |
0.50 (0.35–1.00) |
3.54 | 0.170 |
| In all lifetime smokers, years smoked, M (SD) | 24.8 (13.8) | 24.7 (14.1) | 24.3 (12.9) | 26.6 (13.8) | 0.58 | 0.561 |
| In former smokers, time abstinent | --- | 0.050 | ||||
| <6 mos | 5.9 (31) | 4.8 (18) | 8.0 (9) | 9.5 (4) | ||
| ≥6 mos – 5 years | 23.3 (123) | 21.2 (79) | 25.9 (29) | 35.7 (15) | ||
| >5 years | 70.8 (373) | 74.0 (276) | 66.1 (74) | 54.8 (23) | ||
| Ever used other nicotine products, % (n) yesd | ||||||
| Chewed tobacco or snuff | 6.9 (80) | 8.7 (69) | 1.5 (4) | 7.3 (7) | 16.23 | <0.001 |
| Electronic cigarettes | 0.2 (2) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 2.1 (2) | --- | 0.007 |
|
| ||||||
| Alcohol use | ||||||
| Heavy drinking, % (n) | --- | <.001 | ||||
| Current heavy drinker | 2.6 (30) | 2.4 (19) | 3.7 (10) | 1.0 (1) | ||
| Former heavy drinker | 19.8 (228) | 17.0 (134) | 28.8 (77) | 17.7 (17) | ||
| Never drank heavily | 77.6 (894) | 80.6 (636) | 67.4 (180) | 81.3 (78) | ||
| Current heavy drinkers, drinks/day, median (IQR) | 5.5 (3.5–7.0) | 5.5 (3.5–7.0) | 5.5 (5.5–8.0) | 3.5 (---) | 2.49 | 0.288 |
| In former heavy drinkers, time abstinent from heavy drinking, % (n) | --- | 0.619 | ||||
| <6 mos | 2.3 (5) | 2.4 (3) | 2.9 (2) | 0.0 (0) | ||
| ≥6 mos – 5 years | 39.6 (88) | 36.5 (46) | 43.1 (31) | 52.9 (9) | ||
| >5 years | 58.1 (129) | 61.7 (82) | 54.2 (39) | 47.1 (8) | ||
| In former heavy drinkers, % (n) abstinent from any alcohol | 54.4 (124) | 55.2 (74) | 51.9 (40) | 58.8 (10) | 58.8 (10) | 0.834 |
|
| ||||||
| Illicit substance use | ||||||
| Substance use status, % (n) | --- | <0.001 | ||||
| Current user | 4.6 (53) | 2.9 (23) | 7.9 (21) | 9.4 (9) | ||
| Former user | 26.0 (300) | 21.8 (172) | 39.0 (104) | 25.0 (24) | ||
| Never used substances | 69.4 (799) | 75.3 (594) | 53.2 (142) | 65.6 (63) | ||
| In substance users, products ever used | ||||||
| Marijuana, % (n) | 89.5 (316) | 95.4 (186) | 82.4 (103) | 81.8 (27) | --- | <0.001 |
| Stimulants (e.g., cocaine, amphetamines), % (n) | 34.0 (120) | 25.6 (50) | 46.4 (58) | 36.4 (12) | --- | 0.001 |
| Opioids (e.g., heroin, oxycodone), % (n) | 12.5 (44) | 8.2 (16) | 18.4 (23) | 15.2 (5) | --- | 0.019 |
| Hallucinogens (e.g., LSD, mescaline), % (n) | 3.4 (12) | 5.1 (10) | 0.8 (1) | 3.0 (1) | --- | 0.093 |
| Other/unspecified polydrug usee | 4.8 (17) | 4.1 (8) | 6.4 (8) | 3.0 (1) | --- | 0.648 |
| In substance users, products ever used, % (n) | --- | <0.001 | ||||
| Only marijuana | 61.5 (217) | 70.8 (138) | 48.8 (61) | 54.5 (18) | ||
| Only other substances | 10.5 (37) | 4.6 (9) | 17.6 (22) | 18.2 (6) | ||
| Both marijuana and other substances | 28.0 (99) | 24.6 (48) | 33.6 (42) | 27.3 (9) | ||
| In former users of any substance, time since quit, % (n) | --- | 0.006 | ||||
| <6 mos | 3.8 (10) | 2.7 (4) | 6.5 (6) | 0.0 (0) | ||
| ≥6 mos – 5 years | 18.0 (48) | 11.4 (17) | 25.8 (24) | 29.2 (7) | ||
| >5 years | 78.2 (208) | 85.9 (45) | 67.7 (63) | 70.8 (17) | ||
The following variables had missing cases: current number of cigarettes per day, 7 cases (4 white, 3 Black); years smoked, 79 cases (52 white, 18 Black, 9 other); duration of smoking abstinence, 20 cases (11 white, 7 Black, 2 other); duration of alcohol abstinence, 6 cases (1 white, 5 Black); duration of substance use abstinence, 34 cases (23 white, 11 Black).
F test for means, Kruskal Wallis test for medians, χ2 test for proportions. For variables for which no test is reported, Fisher’s Exact test was used due to small expected frequencies in some cells.
Cigar and pipe smoking converted to equivalent cigarette use based on approximate equivalents in grams of smoked tobacco: 1 cigar=4 cigarettes, 1 pipe=3.5 cigarettes).65
Pack-years could not be calculated because historical information on usage patterns was not sufficiently detailed.
Illicit use of sedatives (e.g., benzodiazapines, barbiturates) was combined with all other remaining substances due to low prevalence.
Abbreviations: LSD, d-lysergic acid diethylamide