FIGURE 1.

Path model explaining the relationship between COVID-19–related family hardships and youth stress and life satisfaction. COVID-19 pandemic-related family hardships predicted higher levels of caregiver and youth COVID-19–related acute stress, which, in turn, was associated with lower levels of youth life satisfaction. Youth social connectedness and family engagement positively predicted youth life satisfaction; family engagement moderated the relationship between youth stress and life satisfaction for the 2- to 12-year-old sample. Having preexisting anxiety or depression was negatively associated with life satisfaction for the 11- to 17-year-old adolescent sample. Bolded path coefficients and standard errors indicate significant relationships. Child, 2- to 12-year-old child sample; Adol, 11- to 17-year-old adolescent sample.