Table 6.
Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis for the prediction of 15-year all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes
| Model | Univariate | Multivariate | Combined model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p |
| Established risk factors | ||||||
| Sex (male) | 1.20 (0.83–1.74) | 0.329 | – | – | 1.47 (0.94–2.30) | 0.093 |
| Age (years) | 1.11 (1.08–1.14) | < 0.001 | – | – | 1.10 (1.07–1.14) | < 0.001 |
| Disease duration (years) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | < 0.001 | – | – | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 0.008 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 0.593 | – | – | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 0.647 |
| SBP (10 mmHg increase) | 1.48 (1.24–1.77) | < 0.001 | – | – | 1.37 (1.12–1.68) | 0.002 |
| HbA1c (%) | 1.09 (0.95–1.24) | 0.217 | – | – | 1.10 (0.93–1.30) | 0.255 |
| Total cholesterol (SD-increase) | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 0.552 | – | – | 1.21 (0.74–1.96) | 0.445 |
| LDL-C (SD-increase) | 0.82 (0.68–0.99) | 0.034 | – | – | 0.75 (0.50–1.14) | 0.179 |
| HDL-C (SD–increase) | 0.92 (0.75–1.13) | 0.427 | – | – | 0.88 (0.65–1.20) | 0.433 |
| Triglycerides (SD-increase) | 1.37 (1.10–1.71) | 0.005 | – | – | 1.15 (0.76–1.75) | 0.514 |
| eGFR (10 mL/min increase) | 0.78 (0.72–0.86) | < 0.001 | – | – | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 0.192 |
| hs-CRP (SD-increase) | 1.14 (1.00–1.31) | 0.052 | – | – | 1.18 (1.01–1.39) | 0.036 |
| Relevant treatments | – | – | ||||
| Insulin | 1.66 (1.08–2.54) | 0.020 | – | – | 0.89 (0.51–1.55) | 0.675 |
| Metformin | 0.68 (0.46–1.01) | 0.058 | – | – | 0.63 (0.41–0.97) | 0.037 |
| Sulphonylureas | 1.10 (0.76–1.58) | 0.624 | – | – | 0.81 (0.53–1.23) | 0.324 |
| Statins | 1.18 (0.75–1.87) | 0.468 | – | – | 0.93 (0.56–1.56) | 0.785 |
| Vitamin K antagonists | 1.57 (0.94–2.62) | 0.088 | – | – | 1.29 (0.74–2.26) | 0.376 |
| Candidate predictors (SD-increment) | ||||||
| sRAGE | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) | 0.225 | – | – | – | – |
| esRAGE | 0.93 (0.77–1.13) | 0.469 | – | – | – | – |
| cRAGE | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) | 0.436 | – | – | – | – |
| AGEs | 0.88 (0.70–1.10) | 0.249 | – | – | – | – |
| AGEs/sRAGE | 0.90 (0.73 –1.11) | 0.326 | 0.86 (0.69–1.08) | 0.203 | 0.79 (0.61–1.02) | 0.072 |
| AGEs/esRAGE | 0.97 (0.77–1.21) | 0.760 | 0.84 (0.66–1.07) | 0.159 | 0.88 (0.71–1.11) | 0.289 |
| AGEs/cRAGE | 1.20 (1.06–1.35) | 0.005 | 1.24 (1.07–1.43) | 0.004 | 1.30 (1.15–1.47) | < 0.001 |
| cRAGEs/esRAGE | 0.95 (0.78–1.16) | 0.629 | 0.84 (0.69 –1.02) | 0.080 | – | – |
In the multivariate model, each ratio is adjusted for established risk factors and relevant treatments. Combined model adjusted for AGEs/sRAGE, AGEs/esRAGE, AGEs/cRAGE, established risk factors and relevant treatments. Significant predictors at the multivariate analysis are displayed in bold