3. Exercise categories (based on ProFaNE): definition and application.

Exercise Category	ProFaNE exercise description	How the criteria were applied in this review*
Gait, balance and functional training	Gait training involves specific correction of walking technique (e.g., posture, stride length and cadence) and changes of pace, level and direction. Balance training involves the efficient transfer of bodyweight from one part of the body to another or challenges specific aspects of the balance systems (e.g. vestibular systems). Balance retraining activities range from the re‐education of basic functional movement patterns to a wide variety of dynamic activities that target more sophisticated aspects of balance. Functional training utilises functional activities as the training stimulus, and is based on the theoretical concept of task specificity. All gait, balance and functional training should be based on an assessment of the participant's abilities prior to starting the program; tailoring of the intervention to the individuals abilities; and progression of the exercise program as ability improves.	Selected as the primary exercise category when the majority of the exercise was conducted in standing and when the intervention focus and the majority of time spent was on exercise in this category. Movement strategy training and cueing are included in this category.
Resistance training	The term Resistance Training covers all types of weight training.i.e contracting the muscles against a resistance to overload and bring about a training effect in the muscular system. The resistance is an external force, which can be ones own body placed in an unusual relationship to gravity (e.g. prone back extension) or an external resistance (e.g. free weight). All strength/resistance training should be based on an assessment of the participant's abilities prior to starting the program; tailoring of the intervention to the individuals abilities; and progression of the exercise program as ability improves.	Selected as the primary category for interventions where additional resistance was used or where it was clear that overload was sufficient without external resistance and where the intervention focus and the majority of time spent was on exercise in this category.
Flexibility	Flexibility training is the planned process by which stretching exercises are practised and progressed to restore or maintain the optimal Range Of Movement (ROM) available to a joint or joints. The ranges of motion used by flexibility programs may vary from restoration/maintenance of the entire physiological range of motion, or alternatively, maintenance of range that is essential to mobility or other functions.	Selected as the primary category for interventions where flexibility training was a stated aim of the intervention and where the intervention focus and the majority of time spent was on exercise in this category.
3D	3D training involves constant movement in a controlled, fluid, repetitive way through all 3 spatial planes or dimensions (forward and back, side to side, and up and down). Tai Chi and Qi Gong incorporate specific weight transferences and require upright posture and subtle changes of head position and gaze direction. Dance involves a wide range of dynamic movement qualities, speeds and patterns.	Selected as the primary exercise category where the intervention focus and the majority of time was spent on exercise in this category (e.g., Tai Chi or dance).
General Physical activity	Physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle contraction resulting in a substantial increase in energy expenditure. Physical activity has occupational, transportation and recreational components and includes pursuits like golf, tennis and swimming. It also includes other activities and pastimes like gardening, cutting wood and carpentry. Physical activity can provide progressive health benefits and is a catalyst for improving health attitudes, health habits and lifestyle. Increasing habitual physical activity should be with specific recommendations as to duration, frequency and intensity if a physical or mental health improvement is indicated.	Selected as the primary category where the intervention focus and the majority of time was spent on exercise in this category (e.g. unstructured physical activity, including unstructured waking).
Endurance	Endurance training is aimed at cardiovascular conditioning and is aerobic in nature and simultaneously increases the heart rate and the return of blood to the heart.	Selected as the primary category for interventions where the intervention focus and the majority of time spent was on structured aerobic training (e.g. exercise with a target heart rate range).
Other	Other kind of exercises not described.	Selected as the primary category if the intervention did not meet the other categories listed and where the intervention focus and the majority of time was spent in this category. This category included interventions where the exercise was not described in sufficient detail to allocate a category.

*Interventions were allocated primary categories using categorisation based on Sherrington 2019.