5. Features of exercise interventions.
| Study ID | Exercise description | Primary exercise category | Duration of exercise intervention (weeks) | Group/Individual | Location | % supervision* |
| Exercise trials | ||||||
|
Ashburn 2007 |
Functional strength, range of movement, balance and walking exercise. | Gait, balance and functional training | 6 | Individual | Home‐based | 18% |
|
Canning 2015a |
Functional strength, balance and cueing exercise (some participants attended monthly group classes). | Gait, balance and functional training | 24 | Both (most individual but some participants attended monthly exercise classes) | Both (most home‐based (but classes were held at a facility) | 13% |
|
Chivers Seymour 2019 |
Functional strength and balance exercise and strategies for fall and freezing avoidance. | Gait, balance and functional training | 26 | Individual | Home‐based | 7% |
| Gandolfi 2017 | Virtual reality balance training delivered via telehealth |
Gait, balance and functional training | 7 | Group (pairs) | Home‐based | 100% |
| Gandolfi 2017 | Sensory‐integration balance training | Gait, balance and functional training | 7 | Individual | Facility‐based | 100% |
| Gandolfi 2019 | Trunk‐specific exercise | Gait, balance and functional training | 4 | Individual | Both | Unclear ‐ 100% at facility, number of unsupervised home‐sessions prescribed unclear |
| Gandolfi 2019 | General exercise | Gait, balance and functional training | 4 | Individual | Both | Unclear ‐ 100% at facility, number of unsupervised home‐sessions prescribed unclear |
|
Gao 2014 |
Tai Chi classes. | 3D (Tai Chi) | 12 | Group | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Goodwin 2011 |
Functional strength and balance exercise. | Gait, balance and functional training | 10 | Both | Both | 33% |
|
Harro 2014 |
Rhythmic auditory cued overground walking. | Gait, balance and functional training | 6 | Group | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Harro 2014 |
Treadmill‐based gait training. | Gait, balance and functional training | 6 | Individual | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Li 2012 |
Tai Chi classes. | 3D (Tai Chi) | 24 | Group | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Li 2012 |
Functional strength exercise with weighted vests and ankle weights. | Resistance training | 24 | Group | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Martin 2015 |
Exercises to address freezing of gait and associated falls, and walking using cues. | Gait, balance and functional training | 24 | Individual | Home‐based | 5% |
|
Mirelman 2016 |
Treadmill training in a virtual reality environment. | Gait, balance and functional training | 6 | Individual | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Mirelman 2016 |
Treadmill‐based gait training. | Gait, balance and functional training | 6 | Individual | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Munneke 2010 |
Physiotherapy provided by ParkinsonNet therapists. | Other ‐ ParkinsonNet trained therapists | 24 | Individual | Unclear | ND |
|
Munneke 2010 |
Physiotherapy usual care. | Other ‐ usual therapists | 24 | Individual | Unclear | ND |
|
Paul 2014 |
Progressive lower limb muscle power training using strength training machines. | Resistance training | 12 | Group (pairs) | Facility‐based | 100% |
| Pelosin 2017 | High frequency treadmill training (5 times per week for 10 sessions) | Gait, balance and functional training | 2 | Individual | Facility‐based | 100% |
| Pelosin 2017 | Intermediate frequency treadmill training (3 times per week for 10 sessions) | Gait, balance and functional training | 3.3 | Individual | Facility‐based | 100% |
| Pelosin 2017 | Low frequency treadmill training (2 times per week for 10 sessions) | Gait, balance and functional training | 5 | Individual | Facility‐based | 100% |
| Penko 2019 | Gait and cognitive training practised together | Gait, balance and functional training | 8 | Individual | Facility‐based | 100% |
| Penko 2019 | Gait and cognitive training practised separately | Gait, balance and functional training | 8 | Individual | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Protas 2005 |
Gait and stepping training. | Gait, balance and functional training | 8 | Individual | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Ricciardi 2015 |
Strength, balance and gait training targeting the more affected side. | Gait, balance and functional training | 12 | Unclear | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Ricciardi 2015 |
Strength, balance and gait training targeting the less affected side. | Gait, balance and functional training | 12 | Unclear | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Ricciardi 2015 |
Functional strength, balance and gait training. | Gait, balance and functional training | 12 | Unclear | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Sedaghati 2016 |
Progressive balance and gait training with a balance pad (i.e. foam to stand on). | Gait, balance and functional training | 10 | Unclear | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Sedaghati 2016 |
Progressive balance and gait training without a balance pad. | Gait, balance and functional training | 10 | Unclear | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Shen 2015 |
Balance and gait training. | Gait, balance and functional training | 12 | Unclear | Both | 55% |
|
Shen 2015 |
Lower limb resistance training using strength training machines (facility) and functional strength training (home) | Resistance training | 12 | Unclear | Both | 55% |
|
Smania 2010 |
Balance exercises. | Gait, balance and functional training | 7 | Individual | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Smania 2010 |
Flexibility and coordination exercises not aimed at improving balance. | Flexibility | 7 | Individual | Facility‐based | 100% |
| Song 2018 | Stepping videogame exercise | Gait, balance and functional training | 12 | Individual | Home‐based | 8% |
| Thaut 2019 | Gait training with rhythmic auditory stimulation throughout intervention period | Gait, balance and functional training | 24 | Individual | Home‐based | Unclear |
| Thaut 2019 | Gait training with rhythmic auditory stimulation, with no training in middle 8 weeks of intervention period | Gait, balance and functional training | 16 | Individual | Home‐based | Unclear |
|
Volpe 2014a |
Balance training using external perturbations wearing a proprioceptive stabiliser. | Gait, balance and functional training | 8 | Individual | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Volpe 2014a |
Balance training using external perturbations with a sham proprioceptive stabiliser. | Gait, balance and functional training | 8 | Individual | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Volpe 2014b |
Hydrotherapy with perturbation‐based balance training. | Gait, balance and functional training | 8 | Unclear | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Volpe 2014b |
Land‐based therapy with perturbation‐based balance training. | Gait, balance and functional training | 8 | Unclear | Facility‐based | 100% |
|
Wong‐Yu 2015 |
Strength and balance exercise, including dance and modified Wing Chun martial art. | Gait, balance and functional training | 8 | Both | Both | 40% |
| Exercise plus education trials | ||||||
| Cattaneo 2019 | Tailored mobility and balance exercises (plus fall prevention education). | Gait, balance and functional training | 8 | Individual | Home‐based | 14% |
|
Morris 2015 |
Functional progressive resistance training with weighted vests and resistance bands. | Resistance training | 8 | Individual | Both | 50% |
|
Morris 2015 |
Movement strategy training. | Gait, balance and functional training | 8 | Individual | Both | 50% |
|
Morris 2017 |
Functional strength, movement strategy training (plus falls prevention education). | Gait, balance and functional training | 6 | Individual | Home‐based | 50% |
* % supervision calculated according to the % of exercise sessions supervised.
ND: no useable data