6. Source of data for generic inverse variance analysis (see footnotes for explanations of codes).
| Study ID and comparison | Source for rate ratio: rate of falls | Source for risk ratio: number of fallers | Source for risk ratio: number with fractures | Source for risk ratio: number with adverse events |
| Exercise trials | ||||
|
Ashburn 2007 Gait, balance and functional training vs Control |
3* | 7 | 7 | NA |
|
Canning 2015a+ Gait, balance and functional training vs Control |
1 | 5 | 7 | NA |
|
Chivers Seymour 2019‡ Gait, balance and functional training vs Control |
1a++ | NA | 7 | NA |
|
Gandolfi 2017 Gait, balance and functional training (virtual reality telerehabilitation) vs Gait, balance and functional training (balance training in a facility) |
3‡‡‡ | NA | NA | NA |
|
Gandolfi 2019 Gait, balance and functional training (trunk‐specific exercises) vs Gait, balance and functional training (general exercises) |
3‡‡‡ | NA | NA | NA |
|
Gao 2014 3D exercise (Tai Chi) vs Control |
3 | 7 | NA | NA |
|
Goodwin 2011‡‡ Gait, balance and functional training vs Control |
1a++ | 6a | 7 | NA |
|
Harro 2014 Gait, balance and functional training (cueing training) vs Gait, balance and functional training (treadmill‐based gait training) |
3 | 7 | NA | NA |
|
Li 2012 3D exercise (Tai Chi) vs Resistance training (functional strength) and 3D exercise (Tai Chi) vs Control |
1 | 7 | NE | NA |
|
Li 2012 Resistance training (functional strength) vs Control |
3 | 7 | NE | NA |
|
Martin 2015 Gait, balance and functional training vs Control |
1* | 7 | NA | NA |
|
Mirelman 2016 Gait, balance and functional training (virtual reality treadmill training) vs Gait, balance and functional training (treadmill‐based gait training) |
1a | NA | NA | NA |
|
Munneke 2010 Other exercise (ParkinsonNet therapists) vs Other exercise (standard therapists) |
3c | NA | NA | NA |
|
Paul 2014 Resistance training vs Control |
1** | 5 | 7 | NA |
|
Pelosin 2017 Gait, balance and functional training (treadmill training at high frequency) vs Gait balance and functional training (treadmill training at intermediate frequency) vs Gait, balance and functional training (treadmill training at low frequency) |
3‡‡‡ | NA | NA | NA |
|
Penko 2019 Gait, balance and functional training (Gait and cognitive training practised together) vs Gait, balance and functional training (Gait and cognitive training practised separately) |
3‡‡‡ | NA | NA | NA |
|
Protas 2005 Gait, balance and functional training vs Control |
3 | 7 | NA | NA |
|
Ricciardi 2015 Gait, balance and functional training (best side therapy) vs Gait, balance and functional training (worst side therapy) vs Gait, balance and functional training (standard therapy) |
3 | NA | NA | NA |
|
Sedaghati 2016 Gait, balance and functional training (with a balance pad) vs Gait, balance and functional training (without a balance pad) vs Control |
3 | NA | NA | NA |
|
Shen 2015*** Gait, balance and functional training vs Resistance training |
1a | 7 | 7 | NA |
|
Smania 2010 Gait, balance and functional training vs Flexibility exercise |
3 | NA | NA | NA |
|
Song 2018 Gait, balance and functional training vs Control |
1 | 7 | NA | NA |
|
Thaut 2019 Gait, balance and functional training (rhythmic auditory stimulation training throughout intervention period) vs Gait, balance and functional training (rhythmic auditory stimulation training with no training in middle 8 weeks of intervention period) |
NA | 7 | NA | NA |
|
Volpe 2014a Gait, balance and functional training (with proprioceptive stabiliser) vs Gait, balance and functional training (without proprioceptive stabiliser) |
3 | NA | NA | NA |
|
Volpe 2014b Gait, balance and functional training (hydrotherapy) vs Gait, balance and functional training (land‐based therapy) |
3 | NA | NE | NA |
|
Wong‐Yu 2015 Gait, balance and functional training vs Control |
1 | 6 | NA | NA |
| Medication trials | ||||
|
Chung 2010 Donepezil vs placebo |
3 | 7 | NE | 3 |
|
Henderson 2016 Rivastigmine vs placebo |
1* | 7 | NA | 3 |
|
Li 2015a Rivastigmine vs placebo |
3 | 6 | NA | ND |
| Education trial | ||||
|
Ward 2004 Personalised education vs control (standardised printed information) |
NA | 6a | NA | NA |
| Exercise plus education trials | ||||
|
Cattaneo 2019 Gait, balance and functional training + education vs Control |
NA | 4 | NA | NA |
|
Morris 2015 Resistance training (functional strength) + education vs Control and Gait, balance and functional training (movement strategy training) + education vs Control |
1 | 5 | 7 | NA |
|
Morris 2015 Resistance training (functional strength) + education vs Gait, balance and functional training (movement strategy training) + education |
3 | 7 | 7 | NA |
|
Morris 2017 Gait, balance and functional training + education vs Control |
1 | 5 | 7 | NA |
ND: no useable data; NA: not applicable (not reported as an outcome in the trial OR not applicable for adverse events for exercise and exercise plus education trials as these were not pooled); NE (no events in either group.)
*One participant with excessive number of falls removed from analysis.
**Two participants with excessive number of falls assigned a value of 10 falls.
***One participant from the balance group and 2 from the resistance group with excessive number of falls at baseline removed from the analysis.
+randomisation stratified by falls history
++adjusted for previous falls
+++Incidence rate ratio using Poisson‐Inverse Gaussian regression, with unpublished 95% confidence interval provided by trial authors.
‡0 to 6 months data used as 0 to 12 months not available
‡‡0 to 10 weeks data used for rate ratio as 0 to 20 weeks not available
‡‡‡the separate time periods of falls data were combined
Codes for source of rate ratio:
1. Incidence rate ratio reported by trial authors
2. Hazard ratio/relative hazard (multiple events) reported by trial authors
3. Incidence rate ratio calculated by review authors
a. Adjusted for confounders by trial authors
b. Adjusted for clustering by trial authors
c. Adjusted for clustering by review authors
Codes for source of risk ratio:
4. Hazard ratio/relative hazard (first fall only) reported by trial authors
5. Relative risk reported by trial authors
6. Odds ratio reported by trial authors
7. Relative risk calculated by review authors
a. Adjusted for confounders by trial authors
b. Adjusted for clustering by trial authors
c. Adjusted for clustering by review authors