8. Baseline fall data.
| Study ID and groups | Intervention group: Number of participants | Intervention group: falls per person year | Intervention group: number (%) of fallers | Control group: number of participants | Control group: falls per person year | Control group: number (%) of fallers | Randomisation stratified by fall history | Timeframe for baseline falls monitoring |
| Exercise trials | ||||||||
|
Ashburn 2007 Gait, balance and functional training vs Control |
70 | 60 | 70 (100%) | 72 | 61 | 72 (100%) | No | 12 months, measured retrospectively |
|
Canning 2015a Gait, balance and functional training vs Control |
115 | 2 | 90 (78%) | 116 | 2 | 90 (78%) | Yes | 12 months, measured retrospectively |
|
Chivers Seymour 2019 Gait, balance and functional training vs Control |
3 months prospective: 237 12 months retrospective: 238 |
3 months prospective: 23.6 12 months retrospective: 26 |
12 months retrospective: 238 (100%) | 3 months prospective and 12 months retrospective: 236 |
3 months prospective: 12 12 months retrospective: 19 |
236 (100%) | No | 3 months, measured prospectively prior to commencing intervention and 12 months, measured retrospectively |
|
Gandolfi 2017 Gait, balance and functional training (virtual reality telerehabilitation) vs Gait, balance and functional training (balance training in a facility) |
38/38 | 6.9/22.1 | ND | NA | NA | NA | No | 1 month, unclear if measured prospectively or retrospectively |
|
Gandolfi 2019 Gait, balance and functional training (trunk‐specific exercises) vs Gait, balance and functional training (general exercises) |
19/18 | 19.6/7.9 | ND | NA | NA | NA | No | 1 month, unclear if measured prospectively or retrospectively |
|
Gao 2014 3D exercise (Tai Chi) vs Control |
40 | ND | ND | 40 | ND | ND | No | ND |
|
Goodwin 2011 Gait, balance and functional training vs Control |
Rate of falls analysis: 60 Number of fallers analysis: 64 |
137.8 | 55 (86%) | Rate of falls analysis: 62 Number of fallers analysis: 66 |
156.2 | 54 (82%) | No | 10 weeks, measured prospectively prior to commencing intervention |
|
Harro 2014 Gait, balance and functional training (cueing training) / Gait, balance and functional training (treadmill‐based gait training) |
10/10 | 1/1.4 | 3 (30%)/5 (50%) | NA | NA | NA | No | 6 months, measured retrospectively |
|
Li 2012 3D exercise (Tai Chi) / resistance training (functional strength) vs Control |
65/65 | ND | ND | 65 | ND | ND | No | ND |
|
Martin 2015 Gait, balance and functional training vs Control |
Rate of falls analysis: 11* Number of fallers analysis: 12 |
202.8 | 9 (75%) | 9 | 150.8 | 6 (67%) | No | 5 weeks, measured prospectively from the point of study entry ‐ unclear if this overlaps with the first 3 weeks of the intervention period |
|
Mirelman 2016 Gait, balance and functional training (virtual reality treadmill training) / Gait, balance and functional training (treadmill‐based gait training) |
66/64 | 36.5/38.5 | 66 (100%)/64 (100%) | NA | NA | NA | No | 6 months, measured retrospectively |
|
Munneke 2010 Other exercise (ParkinsonNet therapists) / Other exercise (standard therapists) |
358/341 | ND | ND | NA | NA | NA | No | ND |
|
Paul 2014 Resistance training vs Control |
20 | ND | 5 (25%) | 20 | ND | 7 (35% | No | 12 months, measured retrospectively |
|
Pelosin 2017 Gait, balance and functional training (treadmill training at high frequency) vs Gait balance and functional training (treadmill training at intermediate frequency) vs Gait, balance and functional training (treadmill training at low frequency) |
10/10/10 | Unclear, as timeframe for falls monitoring not reported | NA | NA | NA | NA | No | Unclear |
|
Penko 2019 Gait, balance and functional training (Gait and cognitive training practised together) vs Gait, balance and functional training (Gait and cognitive training practised separately) |
10/9 | 28/7.4 | ND | NA | NA | NA | No | 30 days, measured retrospectively |
|
Protas 2005 Gait, balance and functional training vs Control |
9 | 66.4 | 5 (56%) | 9 | 66.4 | 6 (67%) | No | 2 weeks, measured prospectively |
|
Ricciardi 2015 Gait, balance and functional training (best side therapy) / Gait, balance and functional training (worst side therapy) / Gait, balance and functional training (standard therapy) |
9/9/10 | ND | ND | NA | NA | NA | No | ND |
|
Sedaghati 2016 Gait, balance and functional training (with a balance pad) / Gait, balance and functional training (without a balance pad) vs Control |
15/14 | 6.8/6.7 | ND | 15 | 6.2 | ND | No | 10 weeks, unclear if measured retrospectively or prospectively |
|
Shen 2015 Gait, balance and functional training / Resistance training |
22/23 | 0.57/0.76** | 9 (41%)/10 (43%) | NA | NA | NA | No | 12 months, measured retrospectively |
|
Smania 2010 Gait, balance and functional training / Flexibility exercise |
28/27 | 51.6/55.2 | ND | NA | NA | NA | No | 1 month, measured prospectively |
|
Song 2018 Gait, balance and functional training vs Control |
31 | ND | 17 (55%) | 29 | ND | 16 (55%) | No | 6 months, measured retrospectively |
|
Thaut 2019 Gait, balance and functional training (rhythmic auditory stimulation training throughout intervention period) vs Gait, balance and functional training (rhythmic auditory stimulation training with no training in middle 8 weeks of intervention period) |
25/22 | 4.5/4.2 | ND | NA | NA | NA | No | 12 months, measured retrospectively |
|
Volpe 2014a Gait, balance and functional training (with proprioceptive stabiliser) / Gait, balance and functional training (without proprioceptive stabiliser) |
20/20 | ND | 16 (80%)/12 (60%) | NA | NA | NA | No | 2 months, measured prospectively |
|
Volpe 2014b Gait, balance and functional training (hydrotherapy) / Gait, balance and functional training (land‐based therapy) |
17/17 | 18/12.6 | 17 (100%)/17 (100%) | NA | NA | NA | No | Rate of falls: 2 months, measured prospectively Number of fallers: 12 months, measured retrospectively |
|
Wong‐Yu 2015 Gait, balance and functional training vs Control |
32 | 0 | 0 (0%) | 38 | 0 | 0 (0%) | No | 6 months, measured retrospectively |
| Medication trials | ||||||||
|
Chung 2010 Donepezil vs placebo |
19 | ND | 19 (100%) | 19 | ND | 19 (100%) | No | Unclear: participants had all fallen or nearly fallen 2 or more times per week, measured retrospectively |
|
Henderson 2016 Rivastigmine vs placebo |
65 | 5.0 | 65 (100%) | 65 | 5.5 | 65 (100%) | No | 12 months, measured retrospectively |
|
Li 2015a Rivastigmine vs placebo |
41 | 3.6 | 22 (54%) | 40 | 3.8 | 23 (58%) | No | Unclear |
| Education trial | ||||||||
|
Ward 2004 Personalised education vs control (standardised printed information) |
27 | ND | ND | 26 | ND | ND | No | ND |
| Exercise plus education trials | ||||||||
|
Cattaneo 2019 Gait, balance and functional training plus education vs Control |
15 | ND | ND | 17 | ND | ND | No | ND |
|
Morris 2015 Resistance training (functional strength) / Gait, balance and functional training (movement strategy training) vs Control |
70/69 | ND | 38 (54%)/40 (58%) | 71 | ND | 38 (54%) | No | 12 months, measured retrospectively |
|
Morris 2017 Gait, balance and functional training plus education vs Control |
67 | ND | 38 (57%) | 66 | ND | 35 (53%) | No | 12 months, measured retrospectively |
ND: no useable data; NA: not applicable
*One participant with excessive number of falls removed from analysis
**One participant from the balance group and 2 from the resistance group with excessive number of falls removed from the analysis