Goodwin 2011.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	Setting: facility and home, UK N = 130 Sample: recruited from specialist PD clinicians and DeNDRoN (Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Network) research nurses from four acute hospital trusts and one community trust, general practices in three primary care organisations and local PD support groups (43% women) Age (years): mean (SD) intervention group 72.0 (8.6), control group 70.1 (8.3) Inclusion criteria: diagnosis of idiopathic PD using the UK Brain Bank criteria; self‐reported history of ≥ 2 falls in the preceding year; ability to mobilise independently indoors, with or without a walking aid; being resident in Devon or registered with a Devon general practitioner Exclusion criteria: required supervision or assistance to mobilise indoors; significant comorbidity or symptoms that affected ability or safety to exercise (e.g., unstable angina, significant postural hypotension, severe pain); unable to follow written or verbal instructions in English Disease severity at baseline: HY stage 1 to 4, mean (SD) 2.5 (0.9)
Interventions	Exercise 1. Exercise: strength (lower limb and trunk) and balance training exercises. Group supervised by a physiotherapist (60 minutes, 1x/week for 10 weeks); plus, home unsupervised exercises (2x/week for 10 weeks); plus, usual care 2. Control: usual care (usual care could include medical and medication management, physiotherapy, occupational therapy or speech therapy)
Outcomes	1. Rate of falls 2. Number of fallers 3. Number reporting a fall‐related fracture 5. Quality of life (EQ‐5D) Economic analysis reported in Fletcher 2012: 1. Cost of delivering the intervention 2. Cost of health and social service use 3. Incremental cost per QALY gained Other outcomes reported but not included in this review
Duration of the study	30 weeks
Funding source	National Institute for Health Research Researcher development Award (grant No RDA/02/06/41) awarded to VG
Notes	Fall data collected: during the 10‐week baseline period, the 10‐week intervention period and the 10‐week follow‐up period via weekly diaries Economic analysis reported in pounds sterling (price year 2008/09)
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	A random component in the sequence generation was described. Quote: "The randomisation sequence was created using computer generated random number tables, with 1:1 allocation of individuals to either the intervention group or the control group."
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Allocation concealment was described as by central allocation. Quote: "Once a cohort had been recruited and assessed, telephone randomisation procedures were used, using a service independent from the study data collection, for allocation assignment."
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Participants and intervention (exercise) delivery personnel not blinded to group allocation but impact of non‐blinding unclear.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Falls and fallers	High risk	Personnel recording outcomes not blinded to group allocation. Quote: "It was not possible to blind the outcome assessor to participant allocation.”
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Fractures	Unclear risk	Unclear how data regarding fractures was collected.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Falls	Low risk	See appendix for method of assessment
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Fallers	Low risk	See appendix for method of assessment
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	The study protocol is available (ISRCTN50793425) and all of the study’s pre‐specified (primary and secondary) outcomes that are of interest in the review have been reported in the pre‐specified way.
Method of ascertaining falls (recall bias) Falls and fallers	Low risk	The study used concurrent collection of data about falling with monthly, or more frequent, follow‐up by the researchers. Quote: “Falls and fall related injuries were self‐reported and collected via weekly diaries and returned in prepaid envelopes by the study participants each week for 30 weeks.”