Wong‐Yu 2015.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	Setting: facility and home, Hong Kong N = 70 Sample: recruited from the Hong Kong PD Association (a patient self‐help group) and movement disorder clinics (43% women) Age (years): mean (SD) intervention group 60.2 (9), control group 61.9 (8.5) Inclusion criteria: diagnosis of PD according to the United Kingdom PD Brain Bank Criteria; at least 30 years of age; stable on anti‐PD medications; no fall history in the previous 6 months; could walk 30mutes with or without a cane Exclusion criteria: musculoskeletal or cardiopulmonary disorders; had undergone neurosurgery; neurologic conditions other than PD; cognitive deficits on the Mini‐mental State Examination (<24); had joined another exercise program in the previous 3 months. Disease severity at baseline: HY stage mean (SD) 2.4 (0.3), MDS‐UPDRS motor score mean (SD) 29.7 (10.6)
Interventions	Exercise 1. Exercise: task‐ and context‐specific multisystem balance program and lower limb strength training. Group supervised by a physiotherapist and an assistant (120 minutes, 1x/week for 8 weeks). Plus, home exercise guided by handouts and DVDs (3 hours/week) 2. Control: upper limb training. Group supervised by a physiotherapist and an assistant (120 minutes, 1x/week for 8 weeks). Plus, home exercise guided by handouts and DVDs (3 hours/week)
Outcomes	1. Rate of falls 2. Number of fallers Other outcomes reported but not included in this review
Duration of the study	8 months
Funding source	Hong Kong Parkinson's Disease Foundation (no. 8‐ZH89).
Notes	Fall data collected: at 1‐week pre‐training, immediately post‐training and at the 6‐month post‐training follow‐up by fall diaries
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	A random component in the sequence generation was described. Quote: "Before the baseline assessment, a team member not involved in this study used the Research Randomizer to make a randomized assignment of eligible participants into either a balance (BAL) or an active control (CON) group.”
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Allocation concealment was described as by central allocation. Quote: "Before the baseline assessment, a team member not involved in this study used the Research Randomizer to make a randomized assignment of eligible participants into either a balance (BAL) or an active control (CON) group.”
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Participants and intervention (exercise) delivery personnel not blinded to group allocation but impact of non‐blinding unclear.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Falls and fallers	Unclear risk	Unclear if personnel collecting fall information blinded to group allocation.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Falls	Low risk	See appendix for method of assessment
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Fallers	Low risk	See appendix for method of assessment
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	The study protocol is available (NCT01799681) and pre‐specified outcomes of interest (falls and fallers) were specified to be reported over 12 months, but have been reported over 6 months. A pre‐specified secondary outcome of interest (PDQ‐39) has not been reported.
Method of ascertaining falls (recall bias) Falls and fallers	Unclear risk	The study used concurrent collection of data about falling however it is unclear if there was any follow‐up by the researchers. Quote: “Fall diaries were provided, and subjects were instructed to complete a standard form on the date and location of the fall, fall activities, landing body parts, perceived causes, and related injuries, as soon as possible after each fall event.”

CNS: central nervous system; DSM IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition;HY stage: Hoehn and Yahr Stage; MDS‐UPDRS: Movement Disorders Society Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson's disease Rating Scale;PD: Parkinson's disease; RCT: randomised controlled trial; QALY: quality‐adjusted life years: SF36: Short Form 36; SD: standard deviation; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale;