Fig. 1.

Osteological stature and ancient DNA–based polygenic height scores. (A) Map of the locations of the archaeological sites from which individuals included in the dataset were recovered. (B) Osteological height estimates generated using measurements of long bone lengths (highlighted in red on the illustration) and sex-specific regression equations (44). (C) Polygenic height scores generated using genome-wide association summary statistics for height-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms and individual ancient DNA genotype data. (D and E) The relationship between polygenic height score and estimated osteological stature (centimeters) for females, for males, and for the full sample with height differences from mean stature calculated separately for females (mean = 154.64 ± 6.48 cm) and males (mean = 165.97 ± 6.60 cm), respectively (represented on the y axis in E). (F) Residuals of the relationship between polygenic height score and osteological height with sex as a covariate for all individuals by cultural period. Mean and median are represented by the black and blue dashed lines, respectively. Skeletal illustration in A image credit: Katharine Thompson (Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY).