Fig. 2.

Paleopathological indicators of stress. Paleopathological indicators of nonspecific stress evaluated in this study: linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH; bands of reduced enamel thickness on teeth), cribra orbitalia (CO; porosity on the orbits), and porotic hyperostosis (PO; porosity on the side of the skull). (A) The remains of 58 individuals were sufficiently complete to permit presence/absence assessment for all three paleopathologies. The proportions of individuals with one or more, two or more, and all three stress indicators are indicated across cultural periods. Numbers above the bars indicate sample sizes. (B) The presence/absence of at least one of the three paleopathological indicators of stress could be determined for 98 total individuals. Shown are the proportions of individuals (of those who could be assessed for that indicator) with LEH, CO, and PH across cultural periods. Numbers above the bars indicate sample sizes. (C) Residuals of the relationship between polygenetic height score and osteological height with sex as a covariate plotted separately for individuals with each paleopathological indicator of stress present vs. absent. Means are represented by the black lines. Numbers above the bars indicate sample sizes. (D) Residuals of the relationship between polygenetic height score and osteological height with sex as a covariate plotted separately for individuals with and without cribra orbitalia by cultural period. Means are represented by the black lines. Numbers above the bars indicate sample sizes. Skeletal illustrations image credit: Katharine Thompson (Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY).