Fig. 3.

Predicted relationships (and 95% CIs) between a key behavioral variable indicating the degree of boldness/timidness and the probability of interacting positively with seeds. (A and B) Bold P. maniculatus are more likely to have a negative interaction with white pine (P. strobus) (A) and beech (F. grandifolia) (B) than timid individuals (β = −1.24 ± 0.41 SE and β = −0.89 ± 0.33 SE, respectively). Data points represent observed values (one point per individual interaction). Here, boldness is measured as the proportion of time in the center portion of the open-field arena (z standardized), where high values indicate more time in the center (high boldness), and low values indicate less time in the center (low boldness, that is, timidness). The relationship for white pine is shown for the treatment 2 forest type.