TABLE 6.

Cytokines (N = 46).

Variable	Group		Peak	Active vs. placebo between groups
		N	Mean ± SD pg/ml	Mean diff ± SE pg/ml	p-value
Pro-inflammatory Th1
IL1	Active	25	0.1 ± 0.1	−0.1 ± 0.1	ns
	Placebo	21	0.2 ± 0.4
IL6	Active	25	3.6 ± 4.6	−9.5 ± 3.3	0.007
	Placebo	21	13.0 ± 15.9
IL7	Active	25	1.5 ± 1.1	−0.4 ± 0.4	ns
	Placebo	21	1.8 ± 1.5
IL8	Active	25	16.1 ± 18.0	4.3 ± 4.6	ns
	Placebo	21	11.8 ± 12.1
IL17	Active	25	0.3 ± 0.2	−1.6 ± 0.6	0.01
	Placebo	21	2.0 ± 3.1
INF-γ	Active	25	6.6 ± 6.7	−30.2 ± 14.4	0.04
	Placebo	21	36.8 ± 71.7
TNF-α	Active	25	1.9 ± 1.6	−1.0 ± 0.7	ns
	Placebo	21	2.9 ± 3.0
TNF-β	Active	25	6.3 ± 2.0	−28.8 ± 12.9	0.03
	Placebo	21	35.1 ± 65.6
Anti-inflammatory Th2
IL2	Active	25	2.0 ± 4.7	−2.4 ± 1.6	ns
	Placebo	21	4.3 ± 6.3
IL3	Active	25	2.4 ± 0.9	−1.5 ± 1.1	ns
	Placebo	21	3.9 ± 5.3
IL4	Active	25	1.0 ± 0.7	−2.3 ± 1.0	0.03
	Placebo	21	3.3 ± 5.1
IL5	Active	25	3.6 ± 4.4	−6.2 ± 2.8	0.03
	Placebo	21	9.8 ± 13.0
IL10	Active	25	0.3 ± 0.6	−0.6 ± 0.3	ns
	Placebo	21	0.9 ± 1.5
IL12	Active	25	0.4 ± 0.3	−0.1 ± 0.1	ns
	Placebo	21	0.5 ± 0.4
IL13	Active	25	0.4 ± 0.1	−0.8 ± 0.4	0.04
	Placebo	21	1.2 ± 2.1
GMSF	Active	25	20.8 ± 6.7	−6.4 ± 4.2	ns
	Placebo	21	27.2 ± 19.9

N, number; SD, standard deviation; SE. standard error; ns, not significant; pg/ml, pictogram/ml; Th, T-helper cell; IL, interleukin; INF, interferon; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; GMSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or macrophage colony-stimulating factor.