Fig. 2.

Experiment 1: one-word (basic-level) description. (A–C) Three example images and example responses are shown. (D) The top 10 descriptions along with frequency are shown for each image group. Frequencies lower than 20% are indicated by numbers above bars. (E) Description frequency for each image group is visualized using a word cloud. (F) WP semantic similarity was calculated between subject-provided descriptions. The swarm plot shows WP similarity between the descriptions of any image and descriptions of face photos (each face photo was compared with the other 9 face photos; other images were compared with all 10 face photos). Each small point represents an image. The horizontal spread within each group is for visualization only. Open contour indicates the kernel density estimate for the points. The inner thick bar and point indicate data mean and bootstrap 95%-CI of the mean. Only indicated pairs were tested. n.s., not significant. **P < 0.01, one-tailed permutation test with test direction indicated by the slope of the square bracket, false discovery rate (FDR) corrected across seven tests.