Fig. 2.

Preflight and postflight WM-PVS volumes (A) were significantly higher in NASA astronauts who developed SANS than those unaffected. A significant PVS (A and B) and LV (D) enlargement and VSA reduction (C) were observed in both groups (post hoc comparisons, mixed model ANOVA). The spaceflight-associated PVS dilation (E and F) and VSA reduction (G) were not significantly different between the groups, but a significantly greater LV enlargement (H) was observed in the non-SANS group (time by SANS interaction, mixed model ANOVA). Data represent mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P ≤ 0.001.