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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 6.
Published in final edited form as: Stat Methods Med Res. 2011 Sep 8;23(3):293–307. doi: 10.1177/0962280211413449

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

A direct acyclic graph linking treatment (A), perception (P), and covariates (W) to an outcome variable (Y).