TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the participants at baseline, according to randomized assignment1
| Total (n = 21,442) | Multivitamin (n = 10,720) | Placebo (n = 10,722) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
| Female sex | 12,666 | (59.1) | 6338 | (59.1) | 6328 | (59.0) |
| Age, mean ± SD, y | 72.1± 6.6 | 72.1± 6.6 | 72.1± 6.6 | |||
| Hispanic/Latino2 | 544 | (2.6) | 284 | (2.8) | 260 | (2.5) |
| Race2 | ||||||
| White | 19,294 | (90.0) | 9628 | (89.8) | 9666 | (90.2) |
| African American | 1131 | (5.3) | 568 | (5.3) | 563 | (5.3) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 499 | (2.3) | 258 | (2.4) | 241 | (2.2) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 59 | (0.3) | 37 | (0.3) | 22 | (0.2) |
| Multiracial/other/unknown or not reported | 459 | (2.1) | 229 | (2.1) | 230 | (2.1) |
| Education | ||||||
| High school diploma/GED or less | 2296 | (10.8) | 1180 | (11.1) | 1116 | (10.5) |
| Attended or graduated from college | 8685 | (40.9) | 4315 | (40.7) | 4370 | (41.1) |
| Post-college | 10,241 | (48.3) | 5104 | (48.2) | 5137 | (48.4) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 11,565 | (54.7) | 5808 | (54.9) | 5757 | (54.5) |
| Past | 8731 | (41.3) | 4345 | (41.1) | 4386 | (41.5) |
| Current | 835 | (4.0) | 417 | (3.9) | 418 | (4.0) |
| Multivitamin use before run-in | 8795 | (41.2) | 4413 | (41.3) | 4382 | (41.0) |
| Vitamin D from supplements before run-in | ||||||
| None | 7960 | (37.6) | 4012 | (37.9) | 3948 | (37.3) |
| ≤1000 IU/d | 8670 | (41.0) | 4331 | (40.9) | 4339 | (41.0) |
| >1000 IU/d | 4536 | (21.4) | 2238 | (21.2) | 2298 | (21.7) |
| Calcium from supplements before run-in | ||||||
| None | 10,917 | (51.5) | 5483 | (51.8) | 5434 | (51.3) |
| ≤1200 mg/d | 9200 | (43.4) | 4596 | (43.4) | 4604 | (43.5) |
| >1200 mg/d | 1066 | (5.0) | 516 | (4.9) | 550 | (5.2) |
| History of diabetes | 2864 | (13.4) | 1415 | (13.2) | 1449 | (13.5) |
| History of high blood pressure | 12,423 | (58.1) | 6153 | (57.6) | 6270 | (58.6) |
| Statin use | 8911 | (42.1) | 4464 | (42.2) | 4447 | (41.9) |
| Aspirin use | 10,379 | (48.9) | 5168 | (48.7) | 5211 | (49.1) |
| History of revascularization (CABG/PCI) | 862 | (4.0) | 426 | (4.0) | 436 | (4.1) |
| History of unstable angina | 374 | (1.8) | 194 | (1.8) | 180 | (1.7) |
| History of carotid artery surgery/stenting | 93 | (0.4) | 44 | (0.4) | 49 | (0.5) |
| History of peripheral artery surgery/stenting | 144 | (0.7) | 81 | (0.8) | 63 | (0.6) |
| History of heart failure | 364 | (1.7) | 188 | (1.8) | 176 | (1.7) |
| History of cancer excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer | 3550 | (16.6) | 1813 | (16.9) | 1737 | (16.2) |
1
n = 21,442. Percentages may not sum to 100 because of rounding. Data on age and sex were complete. Data on other characteristics were available for ≥98.5% of the trial participants. Multivitamin refers to multivitamin-multimineral which was tested in COSMOS. CABG/PCI, coronary artery bypass graft and percutaneous coronary intervention; COSMOS, COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study; GED, General Educational Development.
2
Ethnic group and race were self-reported by participants. Multiracial participants self-identified with >1 race. Participants of other race or unknown race self-identified with those categories.