Table 1.
Socio-demographic, clinical and study features of RECoVERED study participants with at least 3 months of follow-up, stratified by those who did and did not develop PASC.
| Total | PASC status |
p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No PASC | PASC | |||
| N = 316 | N = 130 | N = 186 | ||
| Sex | 0.20 | |||
| Male | 181 (57%) | 80 (62%) | 101 (54%) | |
| Female | 135 (43%) | 50 (38%) | 85 (46%) | |
| Age, years | 51.0 (36.0–62.0) | 46.0 (32.0–57.0) | 53.5 (41.0–64.0) | <0.001 |
| Clinical severity score | <0.001 | |||
| Mild | 92 (29%) | 61 (47%) | 31 (17%) | |
| Moderate | 142 (45%) | 52 (40%) | 90 (48%) | |
| Severe/critical | 82 (26%) | 17 (13%) | 65 (35%) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.0 (23.2–29.4) | 25.1 (22.9–27.7) | 26.8 (23.7–31.0) | 0.0020 |
| BMI category | 0.027 | |||
| Normal weight | 130 (41%) | 62 (48%) | 68 (37%) | |
| Overweight | 105 (33%) | 43 (33%) | 62 (33%) | |
| Obese | 71 (22%) | 20 (15%) | 51 (27%) | |
| Missing | 10 (3%) | 5 (4%) | 5 (3%) | |
| Migration background | 0.25 | |||
| Dutch | 187 (59%) | 78 (60%) | 109 (59%) | |
| Non-Dutch, OECD high-income | 39 (12%) | 20 (15%) | 19 (10%) | |
| Non-Dutch, OECD low/middle income | 74 (23%) | 26 (20%) | 48 (26%) | |
| Missing | 16 (5%) | 6 (5%) | 10 (5%) | |
| Highest level of education | <0.001 | |||
| None, primary or secondary education | 42 (13%) | 8 (6%) | 34 (18%) | |
| Vocational training | 73 (23%) | 24 (18%) | 49 (26%) | |
| University education | 181 (57%) | 93 (72%) | 88 (47%) | |
| Missing | 20 (6%) | 5 (4%) | 15 (8%) | |
| Number of COVID-19 high-risk comorbidities | 0.035 | |||
| 0 | 178 (56%) | 85 (65%) | 93 (50%) | |
| 1 | 73 (23%) | 27 (21%) | 46 (25%) | |
| 2 | 37 (12%) | 10 (8%) | 27 (15%) | |
| 3 or more | 28 (9%) | 8 (6%) | 20 (11%) | |
| PASC status | ||||
| Total | No PASC | PASC | p-value | |
| N = 316 | N = 130 | N = 186 | ||
| Place of recruitment | <0.001 | |||
| Non-hospital (PHSA) | 156 (49%) | 93 (72%) | 63 (34%) | |
| Hospital | 160 (51%) | 37 (28%) | 123 (66%) | |
| Days from illness onset to COVID-19 diagnosis | 5 (2–10) | 4 (2–8) | 6 (2–11) | 0.064 |
| Days from illness onset to inclusion in study | 12 (6–42) | 9 (5–17) | 17 (9–80) | <0.001 |
| Follow-up time from enrolment in study | 369.5 (238.5–496.0) | 363.0 (287.0–482.0) | 375.5 (216.0–502.0) | 0.65 |
| Admitted to hospital for COVID-19 | 153 (48%) | 36 (28%) | 117 (63%) | <0.001 |
| Days from illness onset to hospitalisation | 9 (7–14) | 10 (7–13) | 9 (7–14) | 0.98 |
| Admitted to ICU for COVID-19 | 42 (13%) | 9 (7%) | 33 (18%) | 0.005 |
| Days from illness onset to ICU admission | 10 (8–12) | 10 (9–12) | 10 (7–12) | 0.86 |
| Vaccinated during follow-up | 217 (69%) | 97 (75%) | 120 (65%) | 0.076 |
| Vaccine type | 0.67 | |||
| Pfizer/BioNTech (BNT162b2) mRNA | 197 (62%) | 86 (66%) | 111 (60%) | |
| Moderna mRNA | 9 (3%) | 5 (4%) | 4 (2%) | |
| AstraZeneca | 8 (3%) | 5 (4%) | 3 (2%) | |
| Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) | 2 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | |
| Unvaccinated | 99 (32%) | 33 (25%) | 66 (35%) | |
| Missing | 1 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | |
| Time from illness onset to first vaccination, days | 247 (144–364) | 194 (130–301) | 271 (158–387) | NA |
| Lost to follow-up | 55 | 23 | 32 | NA |
BMI = Body mass index; HIC = high-income country; HR = heart rate; LMIC = low- or middle income country; ICU = Intensive Care Unit; NA = Not applicable; OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; PASC = Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19; PHSA = Public Health Service of Amsterdam; RR = respiratory rate; SpO2 = oxygen saturation; UMC = University Medical Centres.
Continuous variables presented as median (IQR) and compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test; categorical and binary variables presented as n (%) and compared using the Pearson χ2 test (or Fisher exact test if n < 5).
Clinical severity groups defined as: mild as having a RR < 20/min and SpO2 on room air >94% at both D0 and D7 study visits; moderate disease as having a RR 20–30/min, SpO2 90–94% and/or receiving oxygen therapy at D0 or D7; severe disease as having a RR > 30/min or SpO2 < 90% at D0 or D7; critical disease as requiring ICU admission.
BMI categories defined as: <25 kg/m2 normal or underweight; 25–29 kg/m2 overweight; ≥30 kg/m2 obese.
Migration background was defined as Dutch and non-Dutch based on the country of birth of the participant and their parents; those of non-Dutch background were further classified as originating from a high-income (HIC) or low-/middle-income country (LMIC), according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
High-risk COVID-19 comorbidities are defined as listed by the WHO Clinical Management Guidelines and include: cardiovascular disease (including hypertension), chronic pulmonary disease (excluding asthma), renal disease, liver disease, cancer, immunosuppression (excluding HIV, including previous organ transplantation), previous psychiatric illness and dementia.