Table 3.
Studies in which NAD+ levels were not determined.
| Pharmacological Agent | Subjects | Health Outcomes Observed | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| NA 3000 mg/d 6 years |
3908 patients previous MI |
TG↓, TC↓ incidence of definite, non-fatal MI ↓ |
78 |
| NA 2000 mg/d 7–14 months |
315 Patients CHD |
TG↓, TC↑, HDL-C↑, LDL-C↑ CIMT ↓ |
85 |
| NA 375–1000 mg 4weeks + 1500 mg 6weeks |
24 patients HDL-C < 0.9 mmol/L |
TG↓, TC↓, LDL-C↓, HDL-C↑, Adiponectin↑, resistin↓ |
84 |
| NA 1000 mg 4 × /d + colestipol 10000 mg 3 × /d 2.5 years |
120 men high Apo B levels coronary artery disease a family history of vascular disease |
TG↓, LDL-C↓, HDL-C↑ Atherosclerotic progression↓ incidence of cardiovascular events↓ |
86 |
| NA + colestipol 3000–12000 mg/d 2 years |
162 men previous coronary bypass surgery | TG↓, LDL-C↓, HDL-C↑ Atherosclerotic progression↓ |
79 |
| NA + Simvastatin 1000–4000 mg/d 3 years |
160 patients CHD low HDL-C levels |
LDL-C↓, HDL-C↑ Coronary stenosis↓ occurrence of a first cardiovascular event↓ |
81 |
| NA + statins 1000 mg/d 1 year |
167 patients CHD low HDL-C levels |
HDL-C↑ Atherosclerotic progression↓ |
83 |
| NA 1500–2000 mg/d + Simvastatin 40–80 mg/d + ezetimibe 10 mg/d 3 years |
3414 patients cardiovascular disease |
TG↓, LDL-C↓, HDL-C↑ | 80 |
| NA 2000 mg/d + ezetimibe/simvastatin 10/20 mg/d 24weeks |
1220 patients type IIa or IIb hyperlipidemic | TG↓, LDL-C↓, Apo B↓, lipid/lipoprotein ratio↓, HDL-C↑, Apo A-I↑ well tolerated aside from N-associated flushing |
82 |
| NR 2000 mg/d 12 weeks |
40 men healthy; obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) | No effects on glucose and lipid homeostasis | 73 |
| NR 2000 mg/d 12 weeks |
40 men obese (BMI 30 kg/m2) | No effects on fasting/postglucose plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon and β-cell function | 109 |
| NAM 1500 mg 2 × /d 24 weeks |
31 patients mild to moderate dementia | no significant effects on the cognitive function No adverse events |
76 |
| NMN (100 mg/d, 250 mg/d, and 500 mg/d) |
10 men healthy | Bilirubin↑, creatinine↓, chloride↓, glucose ↓ No adverse events |
110 |
| Acipimox 1000 mg/d 1week |
25 individuals overweight (BMI 22–30 kg/m2) | FFA↓, insulin sensitivity↑, C-peptide↓, HOMA index↓, systolic BP↓, cardiac function↓ | 75 |
| Acipimox 750 mg/d 4–9 weeks |
30 patients hyperlipoproteinaemia |
TG↓, LDL-C↓, HDL-C↑ | 111 |
| Acipimox 750–1200 mg/d 60 d–9months |
17 patients hyperlipoproteinaemia |
TG↓, plasma TC↓, HDL-C↑ | 112 |
| Acipimox 1500 mg/d 3 d |
8 patients NIDDM |
FFA with rebound↓, TG↓, glucose↓, insulin↓ | 113 |
| Acipimox 1000 mg/d 7 d |
7 patients T2DM |
FFA↓, insulin sensitivity↑, glucose↓, glucose tolerance↑ | 114 |
| Acipimox 1000 mg/d |
8 men hypopituitary | Glucose↓, FFA↓, insulin sensitivity↑ | 115 |
| Acipimox 150 mg/d |
14 volunteers healthy | FFA↓, disposition index during 24-h fasting↑, insulin response↑, insulin sensitivity↑ | 116 |
| Acipimox 750 mg/d |
9 subjects, lean control 13 subjects, obese 10 subjects, obese, impaired glucose tolerance, 11 patients, T2DM |
FFA↓, insulin↓, insulin- stimulated glucose uptake↑, glucose tolerance↑ | 117 |
| Acipimox 750 mg/d |
8 men overwerght (BMI: 30.06 0.7 kg/m2) 8 men, hypopituitary |
FFA↓, GLP-1 ↑, glucose- infusion rate↑ | 118 |
| Acipimox 250 mg/d |
14 male patients T2DM |
FFA during exercise↓, glucose and insulin during recovery from exercise↓, glycaemic control↑ | 119 |
| EH301 1200 mg/d 4 months |
32 people ALS |
Fat mass↓, Pulmonary function↑, muscular strength↑ | 120 |
NA, nicotinic acid; NR, nicotinamide riboside; NAM, nicotinamide; NMN, nicotinamide mononucleotide; BMI, body mass index; T2DM, type 2 diabetes; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MI, myocardial infarction; CHD, coronary heart disease; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; NIDDM, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; FFA, free fatty acid; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; HOMA index, homeostasis model assessment; BP, blood pressure; Apo A-I, apolipoprotein A-I; Apo B, apolipoprotein B.