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. 2022 Jan 5;110(3):523–534. doi: 10.1007/s10266-021-00684-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Histological evaluation of MPM and PRF in management of HRDs for 4-, 8- and 12-weeks. a, b Photomicrograph for MPM treated group after 4-weeks showing thick new bone formation (NB) around blood vessels (BV), covered by periosteum (P). c, d Photomicrograph for PRF group at 4-weeks showing high connective tissue stroma replaced by early developed immature bone with numerous osteocytes (arrowhead) and the line of demarcation between old and new bone. e–g Specimens for MPM at 8-weeks revealing circumferential bone (CB), covered by thick periosteum (P), superficial to the underlying new osteons of compact bone (NB) deposited over old ones (OB). h,i Tissue section for PRF group showing small new osteons (NO) deposited over large old ones (OO). Also, show the connection between old and new bone (red dotted line). j, k 12-weeks postoperatively, MPM managed group reveal well-organized, dense compact bone masses formed of numerous mature osteons equal in size, under circumferential bone (CB) that is covered by thick periosteum (P). l Photomicrograph for PRF at 12-weeks’ time point showing highly cellular newly formed osteon under the periosteum (P) which are immature and not equal in size with haphazard cellular organization around large blood vessels (BV). m demonstrates the connection between bundle bone (BB) and the overlying periosteum (P) n reveal large-sized blood vessels (BV) surrounded by numerous large osteocytes with the haphazard cellular organization. o Photomicrograph for the negative control group 12-weeks postoperatively, with new bone (NB) consisted of branching slender, immature trabeculae that are widely spaced over old bone (OB) and covered by thick fibrous tissue (FT). (All sections are stained with H&E × 100 and insets are H&E × 400)