Fig. 1. The plating/stripping behaviors for Zn electrodes in ZS and La³⁺-ZS electrolytes.

a Cycling performance of the Zn||Zn cells with a current density of 1 mA cm⁻² and an areal capacity of 1 mAh cm⁻²; the top and cross-sectional SEM images of the Zn electrodes for Zn||Zn cells in (b, d) ZS and (c, e) La³⁺-ZS electrolytes after 100 cycles under a current density of 1 mA cm⁻² for 1 h. f Cycling performance of the Zn||Zn cells with a limited Zn supply (DOD_Zn = 80%), a current density of 10 mA cm⁻², and an areal capacity of 5.93 mAh cm⁻². g The selected enlarged voltage profiles of (f). h CE of the Zn||Ti cells with a current density of 2 mA cm⁻² and a cut-off charging voltage of 0.4 V.