Fig. 3. The role of the La³⁺-modified electrolyte on Zn deposition.

EDS of the Zn electrodes disassembled from the Zn||Zn cells after 100 cycles at a current density of 1 mA cm⁻² for 1 h in (a) ZS and (b) La³⁺-ZS electrolytes. c Chronoamperogram (CA) of the Zn electrodes of a Zn||Zn beaker cell with an Ag/AgCl reference electrode in ZS or La³⁺-ZS electrolytes at an overpotential of −200 mV. d Cyclic voltammograms (CV) of Zn||Ti cells in ZS and La³⁺-ZS electrolytes. e The statistical Zeta potentials of Zn depositions (we disassembled the Zn||Ti cell after discharging 1 h at the current density of 1 mA cm⁻², took out the Ti electrode, and collected the deposited Zn metal on the Ti electrode.) in ZS and La³⁺-ZS electrolytes. f Linear polarization curves of the fresh Zn electrodes (the commercial Zn foils delivering the same surface condition and effective surface area) collected with a scanning rate of 0.1 mV s⁻¹ in ZS and La³⁺-ZS electrolytes using a three-electrode cell. The three-electrode cell was constructed using the fresh Zn electrode as the working electrode, Pt wire as the counter electrode, and Ag/AgCl electrode as the reference electrode.