Table 2.
Treatment options frequently evaluated in included studies
| All individual treatments | Total | RCT | Non-RCT |
| Total | 827 | 231 | 596 |
| 1. Tocilizumab | 87 (11%) | 12 (5%) | 75 (13%) |
| 2. Hydroxychloroquine | 78 (9%) | 22 (10%) | 56 (9%) |
| 3. Convalescent Plasma | 55 (7%) | 15 (6%) | 40 (7%) |
| 4. Steroid | 37 (4%) | 1 (0%) | 36 (6%) |
| 5. Lopinavir/ritonavir | 29 (4%) | 5 (2%) | 24 (4%) |
| 6. Methylprednisolone | 26 (3%) | 3 (1%) | 23 (4%) |
| 7. Remdesivir | 25 (3%) | 16 (7%) | 9 (2%) |
| 8. Enoxaparin | 18 (2%) | 1 (0%) | 17 (3%) |
| 9. Hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin | 18 (2%) | 2 (1%) | 16 (3%) |
| 10. Anakinra | 16 (2%) | 2 (1%) | 14 (2%) |
| Treatment type—common single treatment | Total | RCT | Non-RCT |
| All single treatments | 711 | 202 | 509 |
| 1. NS-immunosuppressant | 126 (18%) | 27 (13%) | 99 (19%) |
| 2. Steroid | 110 (15%) | 15 (7%) | 95 (19%) |
| 3. Antiviral | 97 (14%) | 40 (20%) | 57 (11%) |
| 4. Antimalarial | 87 (12%) | 25 (12%) | 62 (12%) |
| 5. Anticoagulant | 66 (5%) | 5 (3%) | 61 (12%) |
| Anticoagulant-therapeutic | 17 (2%) | 2 (1%) | 15 (3%) |
| Anticoagulant-prophylactic | 14 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 14 (3%) |
| 6. Convalescent plasma | 56 (8%) | 16 (8%) | 40 (8%) |
| 7. Antibiotic | 29 (4%) | 7 (3%) | 22 (4%) |
| 8. Anti‐Inflammatory | 20 (3%) | 8 (4%) | 12 (2%) |
| 9. Interferon therapy | 16 (2%) | 7 (3%) | 9 (2%) |
| 10. Antiparasitic | 14 (2%) | 12 (6%) | 2 (0%) |
| 10. Immunomodulatory | 14 (2%) | 4 (2%) | 10 (2%) |
| Treatment type—common combined treatment | |||
| All combined treatment option | 116 | 29 | 87 |
| 1. Antimalarial/antibiotic | 19 (16%) | 2 (7%) | 17 (20%) |
| 2. Steroid/NS-immunosuppressant | 10 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (11%) |
| 3. Antimalarial/antiviral/antiviral | 8 (7%) | 1 (3%) | 7 (8%) |
| 4. Antiviral/antiviral | 5 (4%) | 3 (10%) | 2 (2%) |
| 4. Antiviral/interferon | 5 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (6%) |
| 5. Antimalarial/antiviral | 4 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (5%) |
| 5. Antimalarial/antiviral/antibiotic | 4 (3%) | 4 (14%) | 0 (0%) |
| 5. Antiparasitic/antibiotic | 4 (3%) | 3 (10%) | 1 (1%) |
| 5. Antiviral/antiviral/antiviral | 4 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (5%) |
| 5. Antiviral/antiviral/antiviral/interferon | 4 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (5%) |
| 5. Antiviral/NS-immunosuppressant | 4 (3%) | 3 (10%) | 1 (1%) |
| 5. NS-immunosuppressant/steroid | 4 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (5%) |
NS-immunosuppressant, non-steroidal immunosuppressant; RCT, randomised controlled trial.