TABLE 2.
Phytochemical constituents of P. betle
| Plant part/Extract/Essential oil | Techniques | Chemical compounds | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aqueous extract of leaves | GC/MS | 2,3‐bis(hydroxy)propyl ester, 2‐monopalmitin, α‐hydroxy, alpha‐hydroxyphenyl, benzeneacetic acid, benzeneacetic acid, hexadecanamide, hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, hydroxychavicol, myristic acid, octadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid | 258 |
| Essential oil from leaves | GC/MS | 4‐allyl‐1,2‐diacetoxybenzene, acetyleugenol, bicyclo(4.1.0)hept‐3‐en‐ camphene, chavicol, cis‐ocimene, cyclohexene,4‐methyl‐decanal, eugenol, germacrene B, germacrene D, globulol, ledene, linalyl acetate, l‐limonene, methyl‐eugenol, phenyl acetylaldehyde, t‐caryophyllene, t‐ocimene, undecanal, α –humulene, α‐pinene, β‐elemene, β‐myrcene, γ‐cadinene, γ‐ionene, γ‐muurolene | 261 |
| Leaf extract | DART‐MS | chavicol, allylpyrocatechol, chavibetol, phenyl alanine, chavicol acetate, allylpyrocatechol acetate, chavibetol acetate, allylpyrocatechol, diacetate | 244 |
| Acetone extract and different fractions of leaf | UV/VIS/NIR, NMR, HR‐ESI‐MS, GC/MS |
Sphingolipids ‐ pipercerebroside A pipercerebroside B |
76 |
| Volatile oil from leaves | GC/MS | β‐ caryophyllene, α‐farnesene, α‐humulene, germacrene b, germacrene d | 260 |
| Hexane extract of leaves | GC/MS | 2,3‐dihydro‐3,5‐dihydroxy‐6‐methyl‐4h‐pyran‐4‐one, phellandrene, α‐terpinene, p‐cymene, sabinene, ɣ‐terpinene, o‐guaiacol, linalool, tujene, terpine‐1‐ol, terpine‐4‐ol, α‐terpineol, safrole, eugenol, isoeugenol, α‐copaene, β –bourbonene, methyleugenol, β –caryophyllene, β –cubebene, ɣ‐cadinene, α‐humulene, β‐selinene, α‐selinene, caryophyllene oxide, camphene, germacrene b, longifolene, phytol | 245 |
| Ethanol extract of leaves | GC/MS | heptafluorobutyrate, ethyl diazoacetate, 4‐(2‐propenyl)phenol, 3‐fluoro‐2‐propynenitrite, eugenol, tris(trifluoromethyl)phosphine | |
| Aqueous and ethanol extracts of leaves | GC/MS |
amino acid: alanine, valine, isoleucine, proline fatty acids: palmitic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid derivatives sterols: cholesterol, cholesterol derivatives, stigmasterol, β ‐sitosterol |
259 |
| Ethanol extract of leaves | GC/MS | 1‐phenylpropene‐3,3‐diol diacetate, eugenol, 4‐chromanol, 4‐allyl‐1,2‐diacetoxybenzene, hydroxychavicol (1‐allyl‐3, 4‐dihydroxybenzene) | 256 |
| Chloroform extract of leaves | 1D NMR, 2D NMR, ESI‐MS, FT‐IR and HR‐ESI‐MS | s 1‐n‐dodecanyloxy resorcinol (H1) and desmethylenesqualenyl deoxy‐cepharadione‐A | 243 |
| Ultrasound‐assisted extract of leaves | GC/MS | hydroxychavicol, eugenol, isoeugenol, and 4‐allyl‐1,2‐diacetoxybenzene | 240, 241 |
| Leaf aqueous extract of varieties bangla, bagerhati, manikdanga, meetha, kalibangla, chhaanchi, ghanagete and haldi | GC/MS |
amino acids: l‐glutamic acid (dehydrated), l‐pyroglutamic acid, l‐tryptophan, organic acids: citric acid, 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, gluconic acid lactone, glyceric acid, glycolic acid, 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaric acid, 4‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid, isocitric acid, l‐(+) lactic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, nicotinic acid, oxalic acid, 3‐phenyllactic acid, ribonic acid‐gamma‐lactone, succinic acid, sugars: methyl‐β‐d‐galactopyranoside, isopropyl‐β‐d‐1‐thiogalactopyranoside, phenyl‐β‐glucopyranoside, sucrose, raffinose, d‐(+)trehalose, sugar alcohols: arabitol, galactinol, glycerol, d‐mannitol, d‐sorbitol fatty acids: lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, phenols: o‐acetylsalicylic acid, p‐anisic acid, benzene‐1,2,4‐triol, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, chrysin, cinnamic acid, coniferyl alcohol 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, gentisic acid, hydroquinone, 2‐hydroxyacetophenone, 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxychavicol, 3‐hydroxycinnamic acid, 4‐hydroxycinnamic acid, 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzoic acid, 2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethanol, 4‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)phenol (tyrosol), 3‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid(synonym: hydro‐p‐coumaric acid), piceatannol, shikimic acid, quinic acid, terpenoid, loganin other organic compounds: adenosine, (‐)‐epinephrine, indole‐3‐acetamide, porphine |
77 |
| Leaves volatile compound from five varieties (bangla, khasia, misti, sanchi, bari) | SDE‐ GC/MS | (E)‐2‐hexenyl acetate, (E)‐cadina‐1,4‐diene, (E)‐cadinol, (E)‐calamenene, (E)‐ocimene, (E)‐Verbenol, (Z)22‐pentenyl acetate, (Z)‐3‐hexenyl‐1‐acetate, (Z)‐a‐ bergamotene, (Z)‐a‐bisabilene, (Z)‐aabinene hydrate, 4‐d‐carene, 1‐hexanol, 1‐H‐indol, 1‐nor‐bourbonanonee c, 2,3‐butanediyl diacetate, 2‐ethylfuran, 2‐hexen‐1‐ol, 2‐hexenal, 2‐penten‐1‐ol, 2‐pentylfuran, 2‐phenylethyl acetate, 3‐hexen‐1‐ol, 3‐hexenal, 4‐allylphenyl acetate, 4‐vinyl guaiacol, 9‐epi‐b‐caryophyllene, α‐amorphene, α ‐curcumene, α ‐guaiene, α ‐humulene, α ‐muurolene, α ‐muurolol, α ‐nerolidola c, α ‐pinene, aromadendrene, α ‐terpineol, α ‐thujene, β‐(z)‐bergamotene, β ‐bisabolol, β ‐caryophyllene, β ‐cyclocitral, β ‐elemene, benzaldehyde, benzyl acetate, β ‐pinene, β ‐selinene, β ‐spathulenol, cadalene, cadin‐4‐en‐10‐ol, cadina‐1(6),4‐diene, c‐amorphene, camphene, caryophyllene oxide, ɣ‐elemene, chavicol, ɣ ‐muurolene, ɣ ‐terpinene, cubebol, δ‐cadinene, decanal, dehydrocineole, dimethylallyl acetate, epicubenol, eremophilene, estragole, eugenol, eugenyl acetate, farnesyl acetate, farnesyl acetone, furfuraldehyde, guaiac acetate, hexanal, humulene epoxide ii, isogermacrene d, isophytol, limonene, linalool, linalool oxide acetate, methyl heptenone, methyl salicylate, methyleugenol, n‐butyl benzene, n‐decyl acetate, n‐dodecanal, n‐hexyl acetate, nonanal, octadecanol acetate, oxophorone, p‐cymen‐8‐ol, p‐cymene, phenyl acetaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol, phytone, pogostol, salvial‐4(14)‐en‐1‐one, sesquisabinene, terpinen‐4‐ol, tetradecanal, undecan‐2‐one, valencene | 82 |
| P. betle var. haldia and maghai | 1D NMR, 2D NMR, ESI‐MS, FT‐IR and HR‐ESI‐MS | 1‐n‐decanoyl hydroxybenzoic acid/1‐n‐decanoyl phenol and 3‐butylphenol | 242 |