Table 1. Baseline patient characteristics.
| Variables | Fried frailty scale | FRAIL scale | Edmonton Frail Scale | Clinical Frailty Scale | ||||||||
| Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%). ACS: acute coronary syndrome; AF: atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; CHF: congestive heart failure; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EF: ejection fraction; Hgb: hemoglobin; MI: myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; TIA: transient ischemic attack; UA: unstable angina. | ||||||||||||
| Non-frail
(n = 102) |
Frail
(n = 72) |
P-value | Non-frail
(n = 106) |
Frail
(n = 68) |
P-value | Non-frail
(n = 104) |
Frail
(n = 70) |
P-value | Non-frail
(n = 111) |
Frail
(n = 68) |
P value | |
| Female | 34 (33.3%) | 44 (61.1%) | < 0.001 | 39 (36.8%) | 39 (57.4%) | 0.012 | 36 (34.6%) | 42 (60.0%) | 0.001 | 40 (36.0%) | 38 (60.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Age, yrs | 72.1 ± 5.6 | 78.3 ± 8.0 | < 0.001 | 71.8 ± 5.1 | 79.2 ± 8.0 | < 0.001 | 72.3 ± 5.7 | 78.2 ± 8.1 | < 0.001 | 72.1 ± 5.6 | 79.1 ± 8.0 | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.7 ± 4.4 | 25.3 ± 4.2 | < 0.001 | 27.7 ± 4.4 | 25.2 ± 4.2 | < 0.001 | 27.6 ± 4.4 | 25.3 ± 4.2 | < 0.001 | 27.4 ± 4.4 | 25.5 ± 4.3 | 0.009 |
| Type of ACS | 0.095 | 0.141 | 0.238 | 0.322 | ||||||||
| STEMI | 58 (56.9%) | 30 (41.67%) | 59 (55.7%) | 29 (42.6%) | 58 (55.8%) | 30 (42.9%) | 58 (52.2%) | 30 (47.6%) | ||||
| NSTEMI | 42 (41.2%) | 38 (52.78%) | 45 (42.4%) | 35 (51.5%) | 43 (41.3%) | 37 (52.9%) | 51 (45.9%) | 29 (46.0%) | ||||
| UA | 2 (1.9%) | 4 (5.56%) | 2 (1.9%) | 4 (5.9%) | 3 (2.9%) | 3 (4.3%) | 2 (1.8%) | 4 (6.3%) | ||||
| Coronary angiography | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.018 | 0.026 | ||||||||
| No significant lesions | 2 (2.0%) | 7 (10%) | 3 (2.8%) | 6 (9.1%) | 2 (1.9%) | 7 (10.3%) | 3 (2.7%) | 6 (9.7%) | ||||
| Single-vessel disease | 30 (29.4%) | 7 (10%) | 30 (28.3%) | 7 (10.6%) | 28 (26.9%) | 9 (13.2%) | 29 (26.4%) | 8 (12.9%) | ||||
| Two-vessel disease | 32 (31.4%) | 20 (28,6%) | 34 (32.1%) | 18 (27.3%) | 33 (31.7%) | 19 (27.9%) | 36 (32.7%) | 16 (25.8%) | ||||
| Three-vessel disease | 38 (37.2%) | 36 (51.4%) | 39 (36.8%) | 35 (53.0%) | 41 (39.4%) | 33 (48.5%) | 42 (38.2%) | 32 (51.6%) | ||||
| Treatment | 0.020 | 0.013 | 0.007 | 0.035 | ||||||||
| Conservative therapy | 15 (14.7%) | 20 (27.8%) | 15 (14.1%) | 20 (29.4%) | 14 (13.5%) | 21 (30.0%) | 17 (15.3%) | 18 (28.6%) | ||||
| PCI | 78 (76.5%) | 51 (70.8%) | 82 (77.4%) | 47 (69.1%) | 81 (77.9%) | 48 (68.6%) | 85 (76.6%) | 44 (69.8%) | ||||
| CABG | 9 (8.8%) | 1 (1.4%) | 9 (8.5%) | 1 (1,5%) | 9 (8.6%) | 1 (1.4%) | 9 (8.1%) | 1 (1.6%) | ||||
| Treatment | 0.034 | 0.014 | 0.008 | 0.036 | ||||||||
| Conservative therapy | 15 (14.7%) | 20 (27.8%) | 15 (14.1%) | 20 (29.4%) | 14 (13.5%) | 21 (30.0%) | 17 (15.3%) | 18 (28.6%) | ||||
| PCI or CABG | 87 (85.3%) | 52 (72.2%) | 91 (85.8%) | 48 (70.6%) | 90 (86.5%) | 49 (70.0%) | 94 (84.7%) | 45 (71.4%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 81 (79.4%) | 65 (90.3%) | 0.055 | 85 (80.2%) | 61 (89.7%) | 0.145 | 83 (79.8%) | 63 (90.0%) | 0.073 | 89 (80.2%) | 57 (90.5%) | 0.076 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 32 (31.4%) | 30 (41.7%) | 0.163 | 33 (31.1%) | 29 (42.6%) | 0.166 | 33 (31.7%) | 29 (41.4%) | 0.190 | 35 (31.5%) | 27 (42.9%) | 0.134 |
| Previous MI | 30 (29.4%) | 15 (20.8%) | 0.203 | 30 (28.3%) | 15 (22.1%) | 0.459 | 30 (28.8%) | 15 (21.4%) | 0.273 | 31 (27.9%) | 14 (22.2%) | 0.409 |
| Previous PCI | 29 (28.4%) | 16 (22.2%) | 0.366 | 28 (26.4%) | 17 (25.0%) | 0.976 | 29(27.9%) | 16 (22.9%) | 0.458 | 31(27.9%) | 14 (22.2%) | 0.409 |
| Previous CABG | 12 (11.8%) | 7 (9.7%) | 0.671 | 12 (11.3%) | 7 (10.3%) | 1.00 | 12 (11.5%) | 7 (10.0%) | 0.750 | 14 (12.6%) | 5 (7.9%) | 0.342 |
| CHF with EF ≥ 50% | 3 (2.9%) | 10 (13.9%) | 0.007 | 4 (3.8%) | 9 (13.2%) | 0.043 | 3 (2.9%) | 10 (14.3%) | 0.005 | 4 (3.6%) | 9 (14.3%) | 0.015 |
| CHF with EF < 50% | 5 (4.9%) | 8 (11.1%) | 0.125 | 6 (5.7%) | 7 (10.3%) | 0.402 | 6 (5.8%) | 7 (10.0%) | 0.298 | 7 (6.3%) | 6 (9.5%) | 0.550 |
| Previous AF | 13 (12.7%) | 22 (30.6%) | 0.004 | 13 (12.3%) | 22 (32.3%) | 0.002 | 13 (12.5%) | 22 (31.4%) | 0.002 | 14 (12.6%) | 21 (33.3%) | 0.001 |
| Previous CKD | 20 (19.6%) | 28 (38.9%) | 0.005 | 20 (18.9%) | 28 (41.2%) | 0.002 | 22 (21.1%) | 26 (37.1%) | 0.021 | 24 (21.6%) | 24 (38.1%) | 0.019 |
| COPD | 10 (9.8%) | 9 (12.5%) | 0.574 | 9 (8.5%) | 10 (14.7%) | 0.200 | 10 (9.6%) | 9 (12.9%) | 0.501 | 8 (7.2%) | 11 (17.5%) | 0.037 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 12 (11.8%) | 10 (13.9%) | 0.678 | 12 (11.3%) | 10 (14.7%) | 0.673 | 13 (12.5%) | 9 (12.9%) | 0.945 | 14 (12.6%) | 8 (12.7%) | 0.987 |
| Previous stroke/TIA | 8 (7.8%) | 13 (18.1%) | 0.042 | 7 (6.6%) | 14 (20.6%) | 0.012 | 9 (8.7%) | 12 (17.1%) | 0.092 | 8 (7.2%) | 13 (20.6%) | 0.009 |
| Malignant disease | 13 (12.7%) | 11 (15.3%) | 0.633 | 13 (12.3%) | 11 (16.2%) | 0.614 | 12 (11.5%) | 12 (17.1%) | 0.293 | 13 (11.7%) | 11 (17.5%) | 0.291 |
| Hypercholesterolemia or
hyperlipidemia |
81 (79.4%) | 48 (66.7%) | 0.059 | 85 (80.2%) | 44 (64.7%) | 0.023 | 83 (79.8%) | 46 (65.7%) | 0.037 | 92 (82.9%) | 37 (58.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Hgb on admission to
hospital, g/dL |
13.7 ± 1.7 | 12.5 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 | 13.7 ± 1.7 | 12.5 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 | 13.7 ± 1.6 | 12.5 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 | 13.7 ± 1.6 | 12.3 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
| EF assessed during hospitalization,% | 49.2 ± 11.8 | 44.3 ± 13.7 | 0.011 | 49.4 ± 11.9 | 43.7 ± 13.5 | 0.004 | 48.8 ± 11.9 | 44.8 ± 13.7 | 0.043 | 48.6 ± 12.2 | 44.7 ± 13.6 | 0.053 |