Table 4.
Profiles of families from the PARIS birth cohort based on socio-demographic characteristics, COVID-19 morbidity, perception, behaviors, and attitudes during the lockdown.
| N = 589 | Cluster 1 (n = 134) | Cluster 2 (n = 140) | Cluster 3 (n = 209) | Cluster 4 (n = 106) | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic characteristics | |||||
| Lockdown in a city of more than 100,000 inhabitants, n (%) | 41 (30.6)c | 60 (42.9) | 87 (41.6) | 50 (47.2)c | 0.05 |
| COVID-19 morbidity | |||||
| Possible COVID-19 in the household | |||||
| Adolescent, n (%) | 18 (13.4) | 33 (23.6) | 32 (15.3) | 23 (21.7) | 0.08 |
| Perception | |||||
| Stress levels from the beginning of lockdown on a scale of 0 to 10 | |||||
| Overall stress level in adolescents (mean ± SD) | 3.5 (2.1) | 3.8 (2.4) | 3.2 (2.4)f | 4.2 (2.4)f | <0.001 |
| SARS-CoV-2-related stress level in adolescents (mean ± SD) | 3.4 (2.3)b | 3.9 (2.3)d, e | 2.8 (1.9)b, d | 3.1 (2.0)e | <0.001 |
| Overall stress level in parents (mean ± SD) | 4.0 (1.2)a, b, c | 7.0 (1.0)a, d, e | 2.3 (1.0)b, d, f | 6.3 (1.3)c, e, f | <0.001 |
| SARS-CoV-2-related stress level in parents (mean ± SD) | 6.1 (1.1)a, b, c | 7.7 (1.1)a, d, e | 2.5 (1.1)b, d, f | 3.1 (1.2)c, e, f | <0.001 |
| Primary source of information for the adolescent about SARS-CoV-2 | |||||
| Official information, n (%) | 29 (24.6) | 17 (12.1) | 29 (13.9) | 23 (21.7) | 0.06 |
| Adolescents satisfied with their level of information about SARS-CoV-2, n (%) | 88 (65.7)a | 69 (49.3)a, e | 129 (61.7) | 72 (67.9)e | 0.01 |
| Parents satisfied with their level of information about SARS-CoV-2, n (%) | 88 (65.7) | 85 (60.7) | 153 (73.2) | 76 (71.7) | 0.07 |
| Adolescents' tolerance of lockdown according to the parents, on a scale of 0 to 10 (0: tolerates very badly, 10: tolerates very well). | 7.7 (1.5)b | 7.4 (1.7)d | 8.2 (1.5)b, d, f | 7.3 (2.2)f | <0.001 |
| Behaviors | |||||
| Preventive measures against COVID-19 in adolescents | |||||
| Avoiding contact with the elderly and people at risk, n (%) | 101 (75.4) | 102 (72.9) | 135 (64.6) | 81 (76.4) | 0.07 |
| Frequency at which adolescents leave home for fresh air or shopping, number per week (mean ± SD) | 2.2 (3.2)c | 2.7 (3.4) | 3.2 (4.4) | 3.9 (4.7)c | 0.001 |
| Number of people the adolescent met the previous day, n (mean ± SD) | 1.6 (3.4)a | 3.0 (4.2)a | 2.7 (4.1) | 2.9 (4.1) | 0.005 |
| Number of people from outside the home seen face to face, number per week (mean ± SD) | 0.9 (2.0) | 0.8 (1.8)d | 1.4 (2.6)d | 0.9 (1.9) | 0.07 |
| Preventive measures against COVID-19 in parents | |||||
| Cleaning hands, n (%) | 123 (91.8) | 133 (95.0) | 183 (87.6) | 101 (95.3) | 0.04 |
| Coughing or sneezing into a bent elbow, n (%) | 109 (81.3) | 116 (82.9)d | 148 (70.8)d | 83 (78.3) | 0.03 |
| Avoiding seeing family and friends, n (%) | 124 (92.5)b | 124 (88.6) | 171 (81.8)b | 97 (91.5) | 0.01 |
| Cleaning the bathroom after each use, n (%) | 6 (4.5) | 8 (5.7)d | 2 (1.0)d | 14 (0.9) | 0.02 |
| Showering when I get home, n (%) | 26 (19.4) | 35 (25.0)d | 22 (10.5)d | 13 (12.3) | 0.002 |
| Changing closes when I get home, n (%) | 26 (19.4) | 36 (25.7)d | 30 (14.4)d | 17 (16.0) | 0.05 |
| Disinfecting everyday objects, n (%) | 56 (41.8)b | 60 (42.9)d | 59 (28.2)b, d | 29 (27.4) | 0.004 |
| Disinfecting door handles, n (%) | 46 (34.3) | 63 (45.0)d, e | 60 (28.7)d | 26 (24.5)e | 0.002 |
| Frequency at which parents leave home for fresh air, number per week (mean ± SD) | 2.4 (3.4) | 2.6 (3.3) | 3.2 (3.6) | 3.2 (3.4) | 0.03 |
| Frequency at which parents leave home for shopping, number per week (mean ± SD) | 1.4 (1.5)b, c | 1.6 (1.9)d, e | 2.4 (2.0)b, d | 2.4 (2.4)c, e | <0.001 |
| Number of people the parent met the day before, n (mean ± SD) | 3.4 (3.7)a, b, c | 4.1 (4.5)a | 4.1 (4.4)b | 4.1 (4.4)c | <0.001 |
| Attitudes | |||||
| Main reason for changing parents' behavior | |||||
| Currently with COVID-19, n (%) | 9 (6.7)c | 8 (5.7) | 4 (1.9) | 0 (0)c | 0.005 |
SD, Standard deviation.
Variables presented are those that differ with a p < 0.10.
*
Chi-squared and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare clusters. Post-hoc Tukey HSD (honestly significant difference) comparisons are shown for a p < 0.05 between:
a
Cluster 2 and Cluster 1;
b
Cluster 3 and Cluster 1;
c
Cluster 4 and Cluster 1;
d
Cluster 3 and Cluster 2;
e
Cluster 4 and Cluster 2;
f
Cluster 4 and Cluster 3.