Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of analysis population (Triggered escalating real-time adherence intervention [TERA] versus standard of care [SOC])

Characteristic	Level	SOC (N = 45)	TERA (N = 43)	Total (N = 88)
Site N (%)	Bronx-Lebanon	7 (16%)	8 (19%)	15 (17%)
	Emory	4 (9%)	3 (7%)	7 (8%)
	Ft. Lauderdale	6 (13%)	4 (9%)	10 (11%)
	Jacksonville	3 (7%)	3 (7%)	6 (7%)
	Johns Hopkins	4 (9%)	3 (7%)	7 (8%)
	St. Jude	5 (11%)	6 (14%)	11 (13%)
	Univ. of Alabama	0 (0%)	1 (2%)	1 (1%)
	Univ. of Colorado	5 (11%)	6 (14%)	11 (13%)
	Wayne State	11 (24%)	9 (21%)	20 (23%)
Sex at birth N (%)	Female	19 (42%)	21 (49%)	40 (45%)
	Male	26 (58%)	22 (51%)	48 (55%)
Race N (%)	Black or African American	40 (89%)	34 (81%)	74 (85%)
	Other	4 (9%)	6 (14%)	10 (11%)
	Unknown	1 (2%)	2 (5%)	3 (3%)
	Missing	0	1	1
Ethnicity N (%)	Not Hispanic or Latino	41 (91%)	34 (81%)	75 (86%)
	Hispanic or Latino	4 (9%)	5 (12%)	9 (10%)
	Unknown	0 (0%)	3 (7%)	3 (3%)
	Missing	0	1	1
Age (years)	Median (Min, Max)	22.1 (16.5, 24.8)	22.3 (13.7, 24.8)	22.2 (13.7, 24.8)
Age category N (%)	13–17 yrs	5 (11%)	4 (9%)	9 (10%)
	18–21 yrs	16 (36%)	13 (30%)	29 (33%)
	22- < 25 yrs	24 (53%)	26 (60%)	50 (57%)
Mode of HIV transmission N (%)	Horizontal	24 (53%)	25 (58%)	49 (56%)
	Vertical	21 (47%)	18 (42%)	39 (44%)
Sexual identity N (%)	Gay	21 (47%)	18 (43%)	39 (45%)
	Heterosexual	20 (44%)	16 (38%)	36 (41%)
	Bisexual	3 (7%)	7 (17%)	10 (11%)
	Other/Prefer not to answer	1 (2%)	1 (2%)	2 (2%)
	Missing	0	1	1
ASSIST [28] Any substance use N (%)	Yes	35 (78%)	33 (79%)	68 (78%)
	No	8 (18%)	9 (21%)	17 (20%)
	Preferred not to answer > 1 question	2 (4%)	0 (0%)	2 (2%)
	Missing	0	1	1
Alcohol risk score [28] category N (%)	Never used/Low	34 (76%)	32 (76%)	66 (76%)
	Moderate/High	10 (22%)	7 (17%)	17 (20%)
	Used substance but invalid risk score	0 (0%)	3 (7%)	3 (3%)
	Prefer not to answer	1 (2%)	0 (0%)	1 (1%)
	Missing	0	1	1
Cannabis risk score [28] category N (%)	Never used/Low	13 (29%)	19 (45%)	32 (37%)
	Moderate/High	27 (60%)	20 (48%)	47 (54%)
	Used substance but invalid risk score	2 (4%)	2 (5%)	4 (5%)
	Prefer not to answer	3 (7%)	1 (2%)	4 (5%)
	Missing	0	1	1

Characteristic		Level	SOC (N = 45)	TERA (N = 43)	Total (N = 88)
			N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Ever used tobacco N (%)		Yes	22 (49%)	17 (40%)	39 (45%)
		No	22 (49%)	25 (60%)	47 (54%)
		Prefer not to answer	1 (2%)	0 (0%)	1 (1%)
		Missing	0	1	1
Screening HIV-1 RNA (copies/ml)		Median (Min, Max)	2630 (210, 209,000)	5010 (240, 1,440,000)	3571 (210, 1,440,000)
Screening log10 HIV-1 RNA (copies/ml)		Median (Min, Max)	3.42 (2.32, 5.32)	3.70 (2.38, 6.16)	3.55 (2.32, 6.16)
Psychiatric disorder present N (%)		Yes	14 (31%)	14 (33%)	28 (32%)
		No	31 (69%)	29 (67%)	60 (68%)
On psychiatric medications N (%)		Yes	3 (7%)	13 (30%)	16 (18%)
		No	42 (93%)	30 (70%)	72 (82%)
Number prior ARV regimens N (%)		1	10 (22%)	9 (21%)	19 (22%)
		2	21 (47%)	22 (51%)	43 (49%)
		≥ 3	14 (31%)	12 (28%)	26 (30%)
Center for epidemiological studies depression scale (CESD) [29–31] category N (%)		Not depressed (< 10)	22 (50%)	13 (33%)	35 (42%)
		Depressed (≥ 10)	22 (50%)	27 (68%)	49 (58%)
		Missing	1	3	4
Medical outcomes study social support survey [32] overall index score		N	43	39	82
		Median (Q1, Q3)	72.4 (43.4, 94.7)	71.1 (52.6, 97.4)	71.7 (50.0, 96.1)
EQ-5D-Y [33, 34] VAS score		N	45	42	87
		Median (Q1, Q3)	80.0 (70.0, 95.0)	80.0 (65.0, 90.0)	80.0 (70.0, 95.0)
Emotional regulation questionnaire (ERQ) [35, 36]: Cognitive reappraisal scale		N	43	41	84
		Median (Q1, Q3)	31.0 (26.0, 38.0)	35.0 (27.0, 39.0)	32.0 (27.0, 38.5)
ERQ Expressive suppression scale		N	44	41	85
		Median (Q1, Q3)	18.0 (13.7, 22.0)	19.0 (13.0, 22.0)	18.0 (13.0, 22.0)
Adolescent decision making questionnaire (ADMQ) [37, 38]: Self-confidence score		N	43	40	83
		Median (Q1, Q3)	3.2 (2.8, 3.5)	3.0 (2.6, 3.5)	3.2 (2.7, 3.5)
ADMQ vigilance score		N	42	40	82
		Median (Q1, Q3)	3.0 (2.5, 3.8)	3.0 (2.4, 3.6)	3.0 (2.5, 3.7)
ADMQ panic score		N	42	39	81
		Median (Q1, Q3)	2.3 (1.8, 2.8)	2.0 (1.5, 2.8)	2.0 (1.5, 2.8)
ADMQ evasiveness score		N	42	40	82
		Median (Q1, Q3)	1.5 (1.3, 1.8)	1.4 (1.2, 2.2)	1.5 (1.2, 2.0)
ADMQ complacency score		N	42	38	80
		Median (Q1, Q3)	1.8 (1.4, 2.1)	1.7 (1.4, 2.0)	1.8 (1.4, 2.1)
HIV stigma framework (HIV stigma) [39–41]: anticipated		N	43	40	83
		Median (Q1, Q3)	2.0 (1.0, 2.4)	1.9 (1.0, 2.3)	1.9 (1.0, 2.3)
HIV stigma: Enacted		N	42	38	80
		Median (Q1, Q3)	1.2 (1.0, 2.0)	1.0 (1.0, 1.7)	1.1 (1.0, 1.8)
HIV stigma: Internalized		N	43	39	82
		Median (Q1, Q3)	2.7 (1.0, 4.0)	2.8 (1.0, 4.0)	2.8 (1.0, 4.0)
Information motivation behavioral ART adherence questionnaire (IMB-AAQ) [42, 43]: Information score		N	43	39	82
		Median (Q1, Q3)	3.6 (3.1, 4.1)	3.8 (3.3, 4.1)	3.7 (3.2, 4.1)
IMB-AAQ: Motivation scale		N	43	39	82
		Median (Q1, Q3)	3.3 (2.7, 4.1)	3.0 (2.6, 3.9)	3.2 (2.7, 4.0)
IMB-AAQ: Personal motivation scale		N	43	39	82
		Median (Q1, Q3)	2.8 (2.3, 4.0)	2.5 (2.0, 3.8)	2.8 (2.0, 3.8)
HIV adherence self-efficacy scale (HIV-ases) [44, 45]: Overall self-efficacy		N	43	39	82
		Median (Q1, Q3)	5.3 (5.0, 6.0)	5.3 (5.0, 6.3)	5.3 (5.0, 6.0)