Table 1. Clinical characteristics of patients at diagnosis by year.
| Clinical characteristics | 2018–2019 (n = 99) | 2020 (n = 84) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, male (%) | 51 (51.5) | 46 (54.8) | 0.611 | ||
| Age, yr | 12.17 ± 3.76 | 12.17 ± 3.51 | 0.998 | ||
| Height | 0.79 ± 1.13 | 0.55 ± 1.14 | 0.146 | ||
| Weight | 1.40 ± 1.94 | 0.58 ± 1.69 | 0.003 | ||
| BMIa | 1.29 ± 2.29 | 0.36 ± 1.93 | 0.004 | ||
| Sexual maturity rateb | 0.162 | ||||
| 1 | 14 (19.7) | 18 (29.0) | |||
| 2–3 | 16 (22.5) | 7 (11.3) | |||
| 4–5 | 41 (57.7) | 37 (59.7) | |||
| Diagnosis | 0.009 | ||||
| Type 1 diabetes | 41 (41.4) | 51 (60.7) | |||
| Type 2 diabetes | 58 (58.6) | 33 (39.3) | |||
| Duration since onset, daysc | 63.00 ± 113.76 | 88.86 ± 137.52 | 0.191 | ||
| Weight loss, kgd | 4.82 ± 6.56 | 5.25 ± 5.05 | 0.649 | ||
| Initial clinical presentation | |||||
| Initial presentation | < 0.001 | ||||
| By screening | 26 (26.3) | 8 (9.5) | |||
| Hyperglycemia | 37 (37.4) | 25 (29.8) | |||
| Ketosis | 16 (16.2) | 19 (22.6) | |||
| DKA without coma | 17 (17.2) | 27 (32.1) | |||
| DKA with coma | 3 (3.0) | 5 (6.0) | |||
| Ketonemia or ketonuriae | 34 (35.8) | 50 (59.5) | 0.001 | ||
| DKA | 21 (21.2) | 32 (38.1) | 0.012 | ||
| DKA by sex | 0.285 | ||||
| Male | 11 (52.4) | 12 (37.5) | |||
| Female | 10 (47.6) | 20 (62.5) | |||
| DKA by age group | 0.521 | ||||
| < 6 yr | 5 (23.8) | 4 (12.5) | |||
| 6–11 yr | 7 (33.3) | 14 (43.8) | |||
| 12–18 yr | 9 (42.9) | 14 (43.8) | |||
| Coma | 3 (14.3) | 6 (18.8) | 0.728 | ||
| Severity of DKA | 0.349 | ||||
| Mild | 5 (23.8) | 10 (31.3) | |||
| Moderate | 6 (28.6) | 13 (40.6) | |||
| Severe | 10 (47.6) | 9 (28.1) | |||
| Initial laboratory data | |||||
| pHf | 7.32 ± 0.14 | 7.27 ± 0.15 | 0.040 | ||
| Bicarbonate, mmol/Lf | 21.18 ± 8.31 | 18.22 ± 8.40 | 0.024 | ||
| Random glucose, mg/dLg | 366.07 ± 242.56 | 404.73 ± 249.80 | 0.292 | ||
| HbA1c, % | 11.18 ± 2.46 | 12.42 ± 2.87 | 0.002 | ||
| Corrected Na, mmol/Lh | 141.22 ± 4.15 | 140.38 ± 5.27 | 0.241 | ||
| Anion gap, mmol/Li | 21.31 ± 9.05 | 23.62 ± 9.97 | 0.111 | ||
| BUN, mg/dLj | 13.92 ± 7.18 | 13.55 ± 6.97 | 0.730 | ||
| Creatinine, mg/dLj | 0.70 ± 0.33 | 0.75 ± 0.40 | 0.305 | ||
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 mj | 140.00 ± 28.89 | 134.90 ± 31.75 | 0.262 | ||
| Total CO2, mmol/Lk | 18.79 ± 7.57 | 16.02 ± 12.84 | 0.158 | ||
| Insulin, mIU/Ll | 15.85 ± 20.13 | 18.19 ± 30.47 | 0.562 | ||
| C-peptide (serum), ng/mLm | 2.60 ± 2.76 | 1.94 ± 2.25 | 0.087 | ||
| C-peptide (24-hr urine), μg/dayn | 27.89 ± 44.80 | 25.90 ± 45.69 | 0.821 | ||
| Ketone (urine)o | 1.18 ± 1.39 | 1.98 ± 1.47 | < 0.001 | ||
| Ketone (serum), mmol/Lp | 1.33 ± 1.78 | 2.33 ± 2.44 | 0.007 | ||
| Diabetes-associated antibodyq | 36 (37.5) | 43 (52.4) | 0.046 | ||
| Personal information | |||||
| SGAr | 15 (16.7) | 5 (7.2) | 0.076 | ||
| Home | 0.252 | ||||
| Urban | 84 (84.8) | 76 (90.5) | |||
| Rural | 15 (15.2) | 8 (9.5) | |||
| Distance from home, km | 13.95 (22.66) | 10.43 (10.37) | 0.170 | ||
| FHxs | 0.324 | ||||
| No | 25 (26.0) | 26 (33.3) | |||
| 1st degree | 22 (22.9) | 21 (26.9) | |||
| 2nd–3rd degree | 49 (51.0) | 31 (39.7) | |||
| Insurance | 0.144 | ||||
| National Health Insurance | 94 (94.9) | 83 (98.8) | |||
| Medical Aid | 5 (5.1) | 1 (1.2) | |||
Height, weight, and BMI data are converted into a mean with standard deviation score, other data are presented as mean with standard deviation or number of patients (%).
BMI = body mass index, DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis, HbA1c = glycosylated hemoglobin, BUN = blood urea nitrogen, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, SGA = small for gestational age, FHx = family history.
The items marked with small alphabet letters represent the total number of items, which are as follows:
aBMI (n = 182), bSexual maturity rate (n = 133), cDuration since onset (n = 163), dWeight loss (n = 154), eKetonuria or ketonemia (n = 179), fpH/Bicarbonate (n = 168), gRandom glucose (n=182), hCorrected Na (n = 175), iAnion gap (n = 175), jBUN/Creatinine/eGFR (n = 179), kTotal CO2 (n = 112), lInsulin (n = 160), mC-peptide (serum) (n = 180), nC-peptide (urine) (n = 109), oKetone (urine) (n = 176), pKetone (serum) (n = 131), qDiabetes-associated antibody (n = 178), rSGA (n = 159), sFHx (n = 174).