Table 2. Clinical characteristics of patients at diagnosis by type of diabetes.
| Clinical characteristics | Type 1 DM (n = 92) | Type 2 DM (n = 91) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018–2019 (n = 41) | 2020 (n = 51) | P value | 2018–2019 (n = 58) | 2020 (n = 33) | P value | |||
| Sex, male | 15 (36.6) | 22 (43.1) | 0.524 | 36 (62.1) | 24 (72.7) | 0.302 | ||
| Age, yr | 10.00 ± 4.21 | 10.92 ± 3.76 | 0.272 | 13.71 ± 2.46 | 14.11 ± 1.89 | 0.421 | ||
| Height | 0.71 ± 0.97 | 0.37 ± 1.13 | 0.137 | 0.86 ± 1.24 | 0.82 ± 1.11 | 0.891 | ||
| Weight | 0.10 ± 1.49 | −0.38 ± 1.31 | 0.104 | 2.31 ± 24.39 | 2.05 ± 1.00 | 0.430 | ||
| BMIa | −0.32 ± 1.86 | −0.75 ± 1.41 | 0.217 | 2.39 ± 1.86 | 2.07 ± 1.23 | 0.381 | ||
| Sexual maturity rateb | 0.812 | 0.235 | ||||||
| 1 | 13 (38.2) | 17 (42.5) | 1 (2.7) | 1 (4.5) | ||||
| 2–3 | 7 (20.6) | 6 (15.0) | 9 (24.3) | 1 (4.5) | ||||
| 4–5 | 14 (41.2) | 17 (42.5) | 27 (73.0) | 20 (90.9) | ||||
| Duration since onset, daysc | 65.41 ± 129.76 | 47.62 ± 49.45 | 0.373 | 60.98 ± 99.78 | 178.52 ± 210.18 | 0.017 | ||
| Weight loss, kgd | 3.99 ± 4.30 | 4.71 ± 4.45 | 0.438 | 5.57 ± 8.07 | 6.61 ± 6.24 | 0.613 | ||
| Initial clinical presentation | ||||||||
| Initial presentation | 0.040 | 0.106 | ||||||
| By screening | 3 (7.3) | 1 (2.0) | 23 (39.7) | 7 (21.2) | ||||
| Hyperglycemia | 12 (29.3) | 10 (19.6) | 25 (43.1) | 15 (45.5) | ||||
| Ketosis | 10 (24.4) | 10 (19.6) | 6 (10.3) | 9 (27.3) | ||||
| DKA without coma | 14 (34.1) | 25 (49.0) | 3 (5.2) | 2 (6.1) | ||||
| DKA with coma | 2 (4.9) | 5 (9.8) | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| Ketonemia or ketonuriae | 25 (62.5) | 40 (78.4) | 0.095 | 9 (16.4) | 10 (30.3) | 0.124 | ||
| DKA | 16 (39.0) | 31 (60.8) | 0.038 | 5 (8.6) | 1 (3.0) | 0.411 | ||
| DKA by sex | 0.581 | |||||||
| Male | 7 (43.8) | 11 (35.5) | 4 (80.0) | 1 (100.0) | ||||
| Female | 9 (56.3) | 20 (64.5) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| DKA by age group | 0.314 | |||||||
| < 6 yr | 5 (31.3) | 4 (12.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| 6–11 yr | 6 (37.5) | 14 (45.2) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| 12–18 yr | 5 (31.3) | 13 (41.9) | 4 (80.0) | 1 (100.0) | ||||
| Coma | 3 (18.8) | 6 (19.4) | 0.726 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Severity of DKA | 0.148 | 0.655 | ||||||
| Mild | 2 (12.5) | 10 (25.5) | 3 (60.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| Moderate | 5 (31.3) | 12 (36.2) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (100.0) | ||||
| Severe | 9 (56.3) | 9 (38.3) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| Initial laboratory data | ||||||||
| pHf | 7.26 ± 0.18 | 7.21 ± 0.15 | 0.221 | 7.36 ± 0.07 | 7.37 ± 0.05 | 0.527 | ||
| Bicarbonate, mmol/Lf | 16.90 ± 8.85 | 15.51 ± 8.83 | 0.459 | 24.62 ± 5.99 | 23.44 ± 3.98 | 0.369 | ||
| Random glucose, mg/dLg | 477.02 ± 248.01 | 479.61 ± 265.82 | 0.962 | 286.26 ± 206.10 | 289.00 ± 169.39 | 0.949 | ||
| HbA1c, % | 12.13 ± 2.08 | 13.44 ± 2.36 | 0.007 | 10.51 ± 2.50 | 10.84 ± 2.90 | 0.565 | ||
| Corrected Na, mmol/Lh | 140.67 ± 2.93 | 140.76 ± 6.37 | 0.927 | 141.63 ± 4.85 | 139.73 ± 2.37 | 0.050 | ||
| Anion gap, mmol/Li | 23.71 ± 8.41 | 24.89 ± 9.39 | 0.537 | 19.52 ± 9.17 | 21.43 ± 10.70 | 0.395 | ||
| BUN, mg/dLh | 14.98 ± 6.05 | 14.37 ± 8.44 | 0.701 | 13.17 ± 7.87 | 12.16 ± 2.78 | 0.502 | ||
| Creatinine, mg/dLi | 0.71 ± 0.27 | 0.81 ± 0.46 | 0.220 | 0.69 ± 0.38 | 0.66 ± 0.28 | 0.718 | ||
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2j | 136.86 ± 30.75 | 129.41 ± 35.03 | 0.288 | 142.27 ± 27.53 | 144.21 ± 22.88 | 0.741 | ||
| Total CO2, mmol/Lk | 15.33 ± 8.10 | 14.78 ± 14.55 | 0.847 | 22.73 ± 4.45 | 18.92 ± 7.09 | 0.072 | ||
| Insulin mIU/Ll | 8.74 ± 16.61 | 12.55 ± 27.83 | 0.476 | 20.73 ± 21.01 | 26.95 ± 32.76 | 0.305 | ||
| C-peptide (serum), ng/mLm | 0.82 ± 0.78 | 0.67 ± 0.71 | 0.337 | 3.88 ± 2.96 | 3.84 ± 2.42 | 0.947 | ||
| C-peptide (24-hr urine), μg/dayn | 18.45 ± 46.85 | 9.78 ± 13.17 | 0.310 | 37.95 ± 40.92 | 63.93 ± 68.85 | 0.125 | ||
| Ketone (urine)o | 1.93 ± 1.33 | 2.53 ± 1.17 | 0.026 | 0.63 ± 1.18 | 1.07 ± 1.48 | 0.166 | ||
| Ketone (serum), mmol/Lp | 1.89 ± 1.62 | 3.35 ± 2.46 | 0.003 | 0.72 ± 1.76 | 0.65 ± 1.11 | 0.861 | ||
| Diabetes-associated antibodyq | 30 (73.2) | 41 (80.4) | 0.412 | 6 (10.9) | 2 (6.5) | 0.705 | ||
| Personal Information | ||||||||
| SGAr | 8 (20.0) | 1 (2.3) | 0.008 | 7 (14.0) | 4 (16.0) | > 0.999 | ||
| Home | 0.480 | 0.384 | ||||||
| Urban | 35 (85.4) | 46 (90.2) | 49 (84.5) | 30 (90.9) | ||||
| Rural | 6 (14.6) | 5 (9.8) | 9 (15.5) | 2 (9.1) | ||||
| Distance from home, km | 12.88 ± 20.31 | 11.56 ± 11.99 | 0.702 | 14.71 ± 24.32 | 8.73 ± 7.10 | 0.085 | ||
| FHxs | 0.898 | 0.103 | ||||||
| No | 13 (33.3) | 17 (36.2) | 12 (21.1) | 9 (29.0) | ||||
| 1st degree | 5 (12.8) | 7 (14.9) | 17 (29.8) | 14 (45.2) | ||||
| 2nd–3rd degree | 21 (53.8) | 23 (48.9) | 28 (49.1) | 8 (25.8) | ||||
| Insurance | 0.113 | > 0.999 | ||||||
| National health insurance | 39 (95.1) | 51 (100) | 55 (94.8) | 32 (97.0) | ||||
| Medical aid | 2 (4.9) | 0 (0) | 3 (5.2) | 1 (3.0) | ||||
Height, weight, and BMI data are converted into a mean with standard deviation score, other data are presented as mean with standard deviation or number of patients (%).
DM = diabetes mellitus, BMI = body mass index, DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis, HbA1c = glycosylated hemoglobin, BUN = blood urea nitrogen, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, SGA = small for gestational age, FHx = family history.
The items marked with small alphabet letters represent the total number of items, which are as follows:
Type 1 DM: aBMI (n =91), bSexual maturity rate (n = 74), cDuration since onset (n = 91), dWeight loss (n = 90), eKetonemia or ketonuria (n = 92), fpH/Bicarbonate (n = 91), hCorrected Na (n = 91), iAnion gap (n = 91), kTotal CO2 (n = 68), lInsulin (n = 80), mC-peptide (serum) (n = 90), nC-peptide (24-hr urine) (n = 65), oKetone (urine) (n = 91), pKetone (serum) (n = 75), rSGA (n = 84), sFHx (n = 86).
Type 2 DM: bSexual maturity rate (n = 59), cDuration since onset (n = 72), dWeight loss (n = 64), eKetonemia or ketonuria (n = 91), fpH/Bicarbonate (n = 77), gRandom glucose (n = 90), hCorrected Na (n = 84), iAnion gap (n = 84), jBUN/Creatinine/eGFR (n = 87), kTotal CO2 (n = 44), lInsulin (n = 80), mC-peptide (n = 90), nC-peptide (urine) (n = 44), oKetone (urine) (n = 85), pKetone (serum) (n = 56), qDiabetes-associated antibody (n = 86), rSGA (n = 75), sFHx (n = 88).