Table 3. Factors affecting diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis by type of diabetes.
Factors | Type 1 diabetes | Type 2 diabetes | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||
Year | |||||||
2018–2019 | (ref.) | 0.331 (0.037–2.964) | (ref.) | ||||
2020 | 2.422 (1.043–5.624) | 0.040 | 0.331 (0.037–2.964) | 0.323 | 2.286 (1.190–4.390) | 0.013 | |
Sex | |||||||
Male | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||||
Female | 1.177 (0.511–2.711) | 0.701 | 0.367 (0.041–3.285) | 0.370 | 1.724 (0.905–3.24) | 0.098 | |
Age, yr | 0.955 (0.860–1.060) | 0.384 | 1.117 (0.753–1.657) | 0.582 | 0.852 (0.778–0.932) | < 0.001 | |
Distance | 0.995 (0.970–1.022) | 0.730 | 0.990 (0.934–1.049) | 0.734 | 0.996 (0.977–1.015) | 0.649 | |
Home | |||||||
Urban | (ref) | (ref) | |||||
Rural | 0.774 (0.219–2.740) | 0.691 | 1.345 (0.143–2.619) | 0.795 | 0.849 (0.315–2.286) | 0.745 | |
Height SDS | 0.818 (0.554–1.209) | 0.314 | 0.886 (0.442–1.778) | 0.734 | 0.767 (0.575–1.023) | 0.071 | |
Weight SDS | 0.700 (0.506–0.968) | 0.031 | 0.955 (0.551–1.656) | 0.869 | 0.559 (0.447–0.698) | < 0.001 | |
BMI SDS | 0.756 (0.571–1.002) | 0.052 | 0.998 (0.605–1.647) | 0.994 | 0.604 (0.496–0.735) | < 0.001 | |
SMR | |||||||
1 | (ref) | (ref) | |||||
2–3 | 0.655 (0.177–2.424) | 0.527 | 0.00 | 0.999 | 0.275 (0.086–0.879) | 0.029 | |
4–5 | 0.552 (0.200–1.524) | 0.252 | 0.068 (0.003–1.381) | 0.080 | 0.201 (0.083–0.488) | < 0.001 | |
HbA1c, % | 1.333 (1.089–1.631) | 0.005 | 1.257 (0.893–1.769) | 0.189 | 1.461 (1.251–1.706) | < 0.001 | |
Duration since onset, day | 0.996 (0.990–1.002) | 0.188 | 0.994 (0.983–1.006) | 0.356 | 0.995 (0.990–1.000) | 0.031 | |
Weight loss, kg | 1.060 (0.960–1.170) | 0.252 | 1.011 (0.900–1.137) | 0.849 | 1.002 (0.947–1.061) | 0.937 | |
Birth weight, kg | 1.048 (0.451–2.437) | 0.913 | 0.755 (0.179–3.189) | 0.702 | 1.016 (0.553–1.867) | 0.960 | |
FHx | |||||||
No | (ref) | (ref) | |||||
1st degree | 0.609 (0.238–1.558) | 0.301 | 3.226 (0.351–9.683) | 0.301 | 0.173 (0.053–0.599) | 0.003 | |
2nd–3rd degree | 0.333 (0.082–1.359) | 0.125 | 0.00 | 0.998 | 0.811 (0.389–1.692) | 0.577 |
OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, SDS = standard deviation score, BMI = body mass index, SMR = sexual maturity rating, HbA1c = glycosylated hemoglobin, FHx = family history.