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. 2022 May 24;12:875188. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.875188

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Copyright © 2022 Nisar, Paracha, Adil, Qureshi and Janjua

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Recombinant Oncolytic Viruses armed with Interleukin (IL) genes: Interleukins function as a mode of communication between immune and non-immune cells. They play a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. These proteins also regulate cancer development by concurrently promoting cancer cell progression and evoking tumor targeted immune activity. Based on these properties, interleukins could be utilized in immunotherapy for impeding adverse effects and improved efficacy (245). Ad5/3- E2F-d24-vIL2 is a genetically altered adenovirus that expresses a variant of IL-2 for prolonged survival and eliciting immune response (135). Another recombinant adenovirus, oAd-TNFa-IL2, is specifically designed to express TNF-α and IL-2. The treatment of oAd-TNFa-IL2 combined with meso-CAR T cells resulted in curbed metastasis and improved immune activity in mouse models (139). Oncolytic viruses are genetically modified to express an antitumor cytokine, Interleukin 12. IL-12 expression aids in restricting tumor angiogenesis, in the differentiation of T-helper cells, which eventually promotes T cells directed cancer cell destruction (246). Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses are genetically modified by inserting IL-12 exogenous gene to generate OAV and HDAd. The administration of OAV caused high toxicity associated with overexpression of IL-12 in cancer cells, and treatment with HDAd resulted in comparatively slow release of IL-12 from the liver, which eventually caused restricted tumor growth (150). VVL-21 is a recombinant vaccinia virus, particularly designed to treat pancreatic cancer by incorporating B5R and IL-21 genes. The administration of VVL-21 combined with (α-PD1) triggered immune activity opposed to cancer cells (191). VVLDTK-IL-10, another recombinant vaccinia virus, is designed by omitting TK gene and inserting IL-10 exogenous gene for promoting antitumor response and prolonged survival (200). Interleukin (IL) gene along with other added genes written in green with + sign and deleted genes written in red with - sign.