Figure 3. IL‐38 promotes inflammation‐driven tumorigenesis in vivo and in vitro .

• A
  Representative immunohistochemical staining micrographs of γH2AX in the skin of Il‐38^{f / f} (n = 5) and K14^{Cre /+} ‐Il‐38^{f / f} (n = 5) mice after treated with DMBA for 24 h. Red triangles indicate the γH2AX⁺ positive cells. Scale bars represent 100 μm. The graph shows the number of γH2AX⁺ cells per high‐powered field.
• B
  Taqman qPCR analysis of Hras codon‐61 mutations in DMBA‐treated skin of Il‐38^{f / f} (n = 5) and K14^{Cre /+} ‐Il‐38^{f / f} (n = 5) mice after treated with DMBA for 24 h.
• C, D
  The dorsal hair of normal C57/BL6 mice was shaved and treated with DMBA/TPA twice a week for 3 weeks to induce the skin inflammation. (C) Percentage of skin‐infiltrating immune cell subsets within total live cells were determined using flow cytometry in DMBA/TPA‐treated Il‐38^{f / f} (n = 5) and K14^{Cre /+} ‐Il‐38^{f / f} mice (n = 5). (D) Relative expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the skin of DMBA/TPA‐treated Il‐38^{f / f} (n = 5) and K14^{Cre /+} ‐Il‐38^{f / f} mice (n = 5) were quantified using qPCR.
• E, F
  Relative expression of inflammatory cytokines in A431 cells after Il‐38 overexpression (E) or knockdown (F) was detected using qPCR.

Data information: Error bars represent the mean ± SD. All data are biological replicates. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; P values were calculated using Student’s t‐test.