Table 2.

Focus areas and recommendations for Thailand's AI Surveillance System.

Focus Area	Metrics	Recommendations
Integrate surveillance reporting and communication from the local (village, district, and province) to national levels	Acceptability Flexibility Interoperability Simplicity Transparency	•Adopt a unified One Health data management and surveillance system that integrates human, animal, and environmental health domains
Increase integration between human and animal laboratories	Acceptability Flexibility Interoperability Security Stability Simplicity Timeliness Transparency	•Integrate laboratory resources and stakeholders through a One Health approach to build collaborations; optimize laboratory space, protocols, and equipment •Build partnerships between animal, human, and environmental laboratories
Strengthen pathogen detection capabilities, flexibility, and resilience	Data Quality Flexibility Sensitivity	•Integrate rapid and multiplex pathogen detection technologies in the laboratory and the field •Increase throughput capacity of human resources, surveillance, and laboratory activities •Streamline data flow to increase surveillance capacity at local hotspots •Expand influenza surveillance to swine and potential environmental sources •Broaden pathogen detection to other critical zoonotic pathogens
Implement an interoperable data management system	Data Quality Flexibility Interoperability Sensitivity Timeliness Transparency	•Adopt a reliable, easily accessible data integration and management system to improve data repositories and interoperability of One Health surveillance data •Allow for system to be implemented in all related sectors, including government, private, intergovernmental, non-profit, and academic stakeholders
Sustainability and capacity building	Interoperability Security Transparency	•Outline and commit to shared data and hardware ownership through cooperative or data-use agreements •Devote renewable monetary funds and human resources to shared surveillance system •Ownership may consist of a primary owner the permanent location of the system, shared-ownership, or rotating ownership with specified time periods •Empower current and future workforces at all levels •Integrate technologies that support recommendations, lower burden on workforces, and improve surveillance capabilities