Table 6.
A summary of the pooled proportion of MDR for each gram-negative bacteria included in the meta-analysis, 2015–2020.
| Type of bacteria | Estimate (95%CI) for bacterial isolates from each source |
Overall pooled proportion: ES (95%CI), I2 = % p = value | Heterogeneity between groups | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Humans | Animals | Environment/Food | |||
| E. coli | 0.81(0.70–090) | 0.72(0.57–0.86) | 0.53(0.35–0.70) | 0.70(0.61–0.78) I2 = 89.4% p = 0.000 |
No, p = 0.035 |
| Klebsiella spp. | 0.81(0.70–0.90) | – | 0.37(0.20–0.57) | 0.68(0.54–0.80) I2 = 89.92% p = 0.00 |
Yes, P = 0.0000 |
| Enterobacter spp. | 0.64(0.43–0.84) | – | 0.73(0.43–0.98) | 0.67(0.48–0.83) I2 = 69.95% p = 0.00 |
No, P = 0.622 |
| Citrobacter spp. | 0.73(0.54–0.90) | – | 0.69(0.32–0.97) | 0.71(0.54–0.87) | No, P = 0.849 |
| Salmonella spp. | 0.70(0.50–0.87) | 0.64(0.43–0.83) | 0.56(0.13–0.94) | 0.65(0.48–0.81) I2 = 91.88% p = 0.000 |
No,0.068 |
| Shigella spp. | 0.69(0.54–0.82) | – | – | I2 = 58.13% p = 0.01 | NA |
| Proteus spp. | 0.54(0.34–0.75) | – | – | I2 = 57.50% p = 0.01 | NA |
| Serratia spp. | 0.42(0.12–0.74) | – | – | I2 = 25.00% p = 0.24 | NA |
| Acinetobacter spp. | 0.86(0.46–1.00) | – | – | I2 = 77.69% p = 0.00 | NA |
| Pseudomonas spp. | 0.82(0.52–1.00) | – | 0.53(0.13–0.92) | 0.73 (0.48–0.93) I2 = 89.18% p = 0.00 |
No, P = 0.312 |
| N. gonorrhoae | 0.74(0.51–0.92) | – | – | I2 = 20.80% p = 0.29 | NA |
| N. Meningitidis | 0.44(0.00–0.95) | – | – | I2 = 81.29% p = 0.00 | NA |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 0.10(0.00–0.39) | – | – | I2 = 0.00% p = 0.99 | NA |
NA: not applicable.