Fig. 5.

Meta-analysis results on associations between helminth infection and the survival, fecundity, feeding rate, body condition, and body mass of free-living ruminant hosts. Lines represent the 95% CI for individual effect sizes (Cohen’s d), shaded by whether they cross zero, and the n in each panel refers to the number of records per trait (total n = 259). Filled circles display the mean estimates and 95% CIs for each random-effects model; vertical axes are displayed with a modulus transformation to accommodate skewed effect size distributions.