TABLE 3.
PCR results and characteristics of virulence gene amplicons in Aeromonas sp. isolates
| Sample | Origin | Organism | HG | No. of isolates | No. (%) PCR positive | HpaIIa | % Similarity by PCR-ASAb | No. of PCR-RFLP fragmentsc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food | ||||||||
| Beef | Switzerland | A. bestiarum | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 93 | 3 |
| A. caviae | 5A | 1 | 0 | |||||
| A. hydrophila | 3 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 90, 91, 92 | 3 | ||
| A. veronii | 8/10 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 77 | 2 | ||
| Aeromonas sp. | NDd | 4 | 3 | ND | ND | |||
| Total | 21 | 15 (71) | 11 | |||||
| Minced meat | Switzerland | A. bestiarum | 2 | 1 | 1 | ND | ND | |
| A. caviae | 5A | 2 | 0 | ND | ND | |||
| A. hydrophila | 3 | 9 | 9 | ND | ND | |||
| Aeromonas sp. | ND | 2 | 2 | ND | ND | |||
| Total | 14 | 12 (86) | ||||||
| Pork | Switzerland | A. hydrophila | 3 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 90, 91, 92 | 3 |
| Aeromonas sp. | ND | 4 | 3 | ND | ND | |||
| Total | 10 | 9 (90) | 6 | |||||
| Poultrye | Switzerland | A. hydrophila | 3 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 91, 92 | 3 |
| European Union | A. veronii | 8/10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 77 | 2 | |
| Aeromonas sp. | ND | 10 | 3 | ND | ||||
| Total | 17 | 10 (59) | 7 | |||||
| Seafoodf | European Union | A. caviae | 5A | 1 | 0 | ND | ND | |
| A. hydrophila | 3 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 78 | 2 | ||
| Aeromonas sp. | ND | 6 | 4 | ND | ND | |||
| Total | 12 | 9 (75) | 1 | |||||
| Perch | European Union | A. bestiarum | 2 | 1 | 1 | ND | ND | |
| A. encheleia | 6B | 1 | 0 | ND | ND | |||
| A. hydrophila | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 91 | 3 | ||
| Aeromonas sp. | ND | 5 | 4 | ND | ND | |||
| Total | 11 | 9 (82) | 1 | |||||
| Salmon | European Union | A. bestiarum | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 94 | 3 |
| A. hydrophila | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 95 | 3 | ||
| A. hydrophila | 3 | 15 | 15 | 5 | 91, 93 | 3 | ||
| Aeromonas sp. | ND | 5 | 3 | ND | ND | |||
| Total | 22 | 20 (91) | 7 | |||||
| Vegetables | Belgium | A. bestiarum | 2 | 2 | 0 | ND | ND | |
| A. caviae | 4/5A/5B | 15 | 2 | ND | ND | |||
| A. caviae | Complex | 6 | 4 | ND | ND | |||
| A. hydrophila | 3 | 1 | 1 | ND | ND | |||
| Aeromonas sp. | ND | 6 | 1 | ND | ND | |||
| Switzerland | Aeromonas sp. | ND | 4 | 1 | ND | ND | ||
| Total | 34 | 9 (27) | ||||||
| Environmental | ||||||||
| Water | Bangladesh | A. veronii | 8/10 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 77, 78 | 2 |
| Belgium | A. bestiarum | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 94, 95 | 3 | |
| A. caviae | 4/5A | 5 | 0 | |||||
| A. hydrophila | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 77, 94 | 2, 3 | ||
| A. hydrophila | 3 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 83, 91, 92 | 3 | ||
| Switzerland | A. bestiarum | 2 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 90, 93, 94 | 3 | |
| A. caviae | 4/5A/5B | 9 | 0 | |||||
| A. eucrenophila | 6 | 2 | 0 | |||||
| A. hydrophila | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 98 | 3 | ||
| A. hydrophila | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 91, 94 | 3 | ||
| A. veronii | 8/10 | 12 | 5 | 3 | 76, 78 | 2 | ||
| Total | 59 | 34 (58) | 28 | |||||
| Clinical | ||||||||
| Human | Bangladesh | A. caviae | 4 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 78, 93, 96, 100 | 2, 3 |
| A. hydrophila | 1 | 13 | 2 | ND | ND | |||
| Ivory Coast | A. hydrophila | 1 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 100 | 3 | |
| A. veronii | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 76, 78 | 2 | ||
| Switzerland | A. bestiarum | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 94 | 3 | |
| A. caviae | 4/5A/5B | 11 | 0 | ND | ND | |||
| A. eucrenophila | 6 | 1 | 1 | ND | ND | |||
| A. hydrophila | 1 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 97, 98 | 3 | ||
| A. veronii | 8 | 17 | 17 | 6 | 76, 77, 78 | 2 | ||
| Total | 71 | 36 (50) | 22 | |||||
| Fish | Switzerland | A. bestiarum | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 94 | 3 |
| A. caviae | 4 | 3 | 0 | ND | ND | |||
| A. eucrenophila | 6 | 2 | 0 | ND | ND | |||
| A. hydrophila | ND | 5 | 3 | 2 | 77, 94 | 2, 3 | ||
| A. hydrophila | Ser.g | 7 | 6 | 5 | 77, 78, 91, 94 | 2, 3 | ||
| A. veronii | 8/10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 77 | 2 | ||
| A. veronii | ND | 4 | 4 | 4 | 77, 78, 91 | 2, 3 | ||
| A. veronii | Ser. | 3 | 3 | 3 | 76, 78 | 2 | ||
| A. salmonicida | Ser. | 52 | 46 | 6 | 82, 91 | 3 | ||
| A. sobria | 7 | 1 | 0 | ND | ND | |||
| Total | 79 | 64 (81) | 23 | |||||
| Gross total | 350 | 227 (65) | 106 |
a
Number of amplicons used for restriction enzyme analysis with endonuclease HpaII.
b
PCR-ASA indicating similarity to cytolytic enterotoxin gene AHCYTOEN (GenBank accession no. M84709). PCR-ASA 1 has 76 to 78% similarity, PCR-ASA 2 has 82% similarity, and PCR-ASA 3 has 91 to 99% similarity to the AHCYTOEN gene.
c
Number of PCR-RFLP fragments obtained when using HpaII endonuclease. PCR-RFLP 1 has two fragments, PCR-RFLP has three fragments, and PCR-RFLP 3 has four fragments.
d
ND, not done.
e
Poultry including chicken, turkey, and duck.
f
Seafood including mussels, oysters, and scallops.
g
Ser., serotyped.